Gen atau otak atau lingkungan kehidupan tidak bisa dijadikan kambing-kambing hitam atas setiap sikap dan perilaku politik seseorang, apalagi yang agresif, psikopatis dan destruktif, meskipun sikap dan perilaku politik muncul akibat pengondisian banyak faktor internal dan eksternal.Â
Tanpa pengondisian, kehidupan individual yang bebas untuk memilih tidak pernah ada.
Ioanes Rakhmat
☆ Update mutakhir 30 Maret 2018
Catatan-catatan
/1/ Lihat John R. Alford, Carolyn L. Funk dan John R. Hibbing, "Are Political Orientations Genetically Transmitted", American Political Review, vol. 99, no. 2, May 2005, pp. 153-167. John Alford dikutip juga dalam Jim Giles, "Are Political Leanings All in the Genes", New Scientists, 30 January 2008.
/2/ Lihat lebih lanjut John R. Alford, Carolyn L. Funk dan John R. Hibbing, "Twin Studies, Molecular Genetics, Politics, and Tolerance: A Response to Beckwith and Morris", Perspective on Politics, vol. 6, issue 04, Dec 2008, pp. 793-797.
/3/ Peter K. Hatemi, Smith K, Alford JR, Martin NG, Hibbing JR, "The Genetic and Environmental Foundations of Political, Psychological, Social, and Economic Behaviors: A Panel Study of Twins and Families", Twin Research and Human Genetics, June 2015, vol. 18 (3), pp. 243-255. Diterbitkan online 21 Mei 2015.
/4/ Lihat Dolores Garcia-Arocena, Ph.D., "The Genetics of Violent Behavior", The Jackson Laboratory, December 2015.
/5/ Lihat Ingrid J. Haas, "Political Neuroscience", University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Political Science, 2016. Diterbitkan juga di Neuroimaging Personality, Social Cognition, and Character, edited by John R. Absher and Jasmine Cloutier (Academic/Elsevier, 2016), pp. 355-370.
/6/ Lebih lanjut lihat Katie McNally, "This Is Your Brain on Politics: The Neuroscience That Shapes Our Views", UVAToday, 2 March 2017.
