Mengenal Lebih Dekat Penggunaan Pestisida Secara Global

Penggunaan Pestisida Secara Global.

Pesticide market has doubled in the last 20 years - sales of about US$60 billion in 2020.

Jualan pestisida meningkat dua kali lipat dalam 20 tahun terakhir -- sebanyak US60 billion pada tahun 2020

About 2 million tonnes of pesticides - worldwide. However, by the year 2020, the global pesticide - estimated to increase up to 3.5 million tonnes.

Pengunaan sebanyak 2 million tan, pada tahun 2020, pestisida global - diperkirakan meningkat hingga 3.5 juta ton.

China is the major country, followed by the USA and Argentina

China adalah negara besar, diikuti oleh US dan Argentina

Most are herbicides (50%), insecticides (30 %), fungicides (18 %)

Sebagian besar adalah herbisida (50%), insektisida (30 %), fungisida (18%)

Unintentional acute pesticide poisoning (UAPP) Keracunan pestisida akut yang tidak disengaja

Scientists from PAN Asia Pacific, PAN Germany and PAN North America estimated about 385 million cases of unintentional acute pesticide poisonings each year, mainly occupational, and including 11,000 deaths

Sekitar 385 juta kasus keracunan pestisida akut yang tidak disengaja setiap tahun, terutama di tempat kerja, dan termasuk 11.000 kematian.

 Huge increase from the estimated 25 million cases reported  in 1990.

Peningkatan besar dari perkiraan 25 juta kasus yang dilaporkan pada tahun 1990.

57 %  of studies were self-reported to field researchers

57% studi dilaporkan sendiri ke peneliti lapangan

*Boedeker W, Watts M, Clausing P, Marquez E. 2020.  The global distribution of unintentional acute pesticide poisoning: estimations based on a systematic review. BMC Public Health 20:1875. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09939-0  

Environmental impacts of pesticides

Kesan pestisida terhadap alam sekitar

Declining bee populations pose a threat to global agriculture
1 treated corn seed contains enough neonicotinoid to kill > 80,000 honey bees.
1 biji jagung yang diolah mengandung cukup neonicotinoid untuk membunuh > 80.000 lebah madu.

Bird populations have declined 20-25%  - pesticides
Populasi burung telah menurun 20-25%

Loss of biodiversity -- 75% loss of flying insects (Germany)
Kehilangan biodiversity

Waterways -- widespread contamination & loss of aquatic life
Saluran air -- kontaminasi yang meluas & hilangnya kehidupan akuatik

Soils -- widespread contamination & loss of soil biodiversity
Tanah -- kontaminasi luas & hilangnya keanekaragaman hayati tanah

Negara Asia Tenggara yang mempunyai sisa pestisida selalunya ditemui di dalam jambu, cili, daun bawang dan basil
Southeast Asian countries with residues most frequently found in guava, pitaya, chili pepper, chives and basil

111 pesticides: cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid, and the fungicides carbendazin/benomyl and metalaxyl were the most frequently detected.
Pestisida yang ditemui di 4 negara Asia
List of pesticides found in communities in 4 countries in Asia

PesticidesTypeHHP -- reason for listing
AbamectinInsecticideWHO Ib; H330; Highly toxic to bees
AcephateInsecticideHighly toxic to bees
CarbofuranInsecticideWHO Ib; H330; Highly toxic to bees; PIC
CarbosulfanInsecticideH330; Highly toxic to bees; PIC
ChlorantraniliproleInsecticideVery pers water, soil or sediment; Very toxic to aq. organism
ChlorfluazuronInsecticideVery bio acc; Very toxic to aq. organism
ChlorpyrifosInsecticideGHS+ muta (1A, 1B); Highly toxic to bees; nominated to Stockholm Convention as a POP but not yet agreed
CypermethrinInsecticideHighly toxic to bees
DeltamethrinInsecticideGHS+ C2 & R2; Highly toxic to bees
DiafenthiuronInsecticideHighly toxic to bees
DimethoateInsecticideHighly toxic to bees
Diquat dibromideHerbicideH330
Emamectin benzoateInsecticideVery pers water, soil or sediment; Very toxic to aq. organism; Highly toxic to bees
PesticidesTypeHHP -- reason for listing
FipronilInsecticideHighly toxic to bees
ImidaclopridInsecticideHighly toxic to bees
IndoxacarbInsecticideHighly toxic to bees
Lambda-cyhalothrinInsecticideH330; Highly toxic to bees
MancozebFungicideEPA prob/likel carc; GHS+ repro (1A, 1B); EU EDC; GHS+ C2 & R2
MonocrotophosInsecticideWHO Ib; H330; Highly toxic to bees; PIC
NitenpyramInsecticideHighly toxic to bees
ParaquatHerbicideH330; PIC
PendimethalinHerbicideVery bio acc; Very pers water, soil or sediment
PropiconazoleFungicideGHS+ repro (1A, 1B)
QuinalphosInsecticideGHS+ C2 & R2; Highly toxic to bees
ThiamethoxamInsecticideHighly toxic to bees

Not banned in any country, just is not approved in the European Union.