"Pillar of Competitiveness"

Institutions are a pillar of competitiveness in the Indonesian state. Governance institutions are an influential state body in this republic. The role of good governance and effective institutions. An effective governance structure must be in place as a foundation for the implementation of development policy. 

The degree to which good governance played a role in poverty reduction over the period since the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were adopted is debatable  Even so, there are important factors in implementing policies that are necessary for achieving any development goal, some of which are introduced in this section. For example, leadership that is accountable and possesses a clear idea of development objectives is a necessity.

The degree to which good governance played a role in poverty reduction over the period since the MDGs were adopted is debatable People working in government institutions are trusted figures of the Indonesian people in solving problems in Indonesia but unfortunately there are troubled people who have opportunities to work to create new problems. The latest problem is corruption.

Most problematic factors for doing business is corruption.

Corruption as a failure of governance, Corruption poses one of the most important governance challenges. Combating it has become an urgent priority as countries strive to mobilize more public and private resources and ensure their equitable and efficient use in pursuing development goals. There is compelling evidence that corruption undermines development. 

It is also the case that underdevelopment breeds corruption. While increasing the cost of doing business, corruption discourages investment and reduces economic growth. It can also increase inequality and political instability. Corruption also distorts prices and reduces access to public services, including access to education and health care.

The concept of Corruption is an understanding or opinion about Corruption according to Law No. 31 of 1999 in pasal 2, Corruption is any person who violently violates an act of self or another person or a corporation that can harm the State's or the country's economy. There are several elements that are contained, namely: Fighting the Law, enriching oneself or others or corporations, harming the State's finance or the country's economy. R Wiyono, Discussion on the Law on the Eradication of Corruption Crimes (Wiyono, 2005)

Rules to reach ultimate goals more effectively can only be developed if people know what their ultimate goals are. But goals can only be established in connection with ideas about how to interpret the world. So institutions can only be developed in a cultural context. 

Within this cultural-institutional setting people live their daily lives, have their experiences and adjust their behaviour if their experiences are different from what they expected. 

Corruption is a unique culture because this culture not only develops  high levels in our intitutions but low levels. In fact, Indonesia has become one of the most corrupt countries in the world which is certainly very heartbreaking. Although a new anti-corruption institution has been established, namely the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) which has been aggressively combating corruptors, corruption that has turned into this culture feels very difficult to stop and eradicate.

Binoto Nadapdap in his book "Korupsi Belum ada Matinya" said that the root or emergence of corruption is closely related to the weak enforcement or application of law in capturing perpetrators of corruption. If we consider the court decisions at the time the attorney general's office was led by Soekarton, at the time of the face - the faces of the corruptors who were questioned on the glass screen were people with the value of corruption not quite large. Which can be filtered or captured by the law to eradicate corruption is only a small community. (Nadapdap, 2014)

In Indonesian law, the enactment of  UU No. 31 Tahun 1999 jo UU No. 20 Tahun 2011 concerning Tindak Pidana Korupsi and UN conventions concerning corruption eradication (United Nations Convention Against Corruption) signed in Merida, Mexico in accordance with resolution 57/169 submitted to 59th General Assembly. (Hamzah, 2007)

This said that criminal acts of corruption have been rampant not only in Indonesia but also in the world. This is a big concern of the world on how to overcome and minimize the crime. The enactment of the Corruption Law is intended to combat and eradicate corruption.

Criminal politics is a corruption prevention strategy inherent in corruption laws. Why the criminal political dimension does not function, this is related to the existing law enforcement system in Indonesia that is still weak. The law enforcement system that is in effect can place corruptors at a high level above the law. 

This system of law enforcement that is not conducive to a democratic climate is exacerbated by the existence of an amnesty institution for the democratic climate exacerbated by the existence of amnesty institutions for corruption conglomerates only with consideration of taste, not with legal considerations. (Hartanti, 2009)

Corruption is a very serious crime or we can call " Extraordinary Crime" because the scope of its crimes concerns the interests of the State, taking state money that should be used for the interests of the people. This shows that there has been a degradation of the values of humanity, degenerated humanity and munkar will be rampant regardless of divine values.

The act is classified as a dhalim act and is strongly opposed by Allah Almighty and his Messenger and threatened with severe punishment the following day, as revealed by God in the Al-Quran ayat  42.

O

Translation: "And do not you (Muhammad) think that Allah is negligent of what wrongdoers do. Surely Allah gave them respite until the day when their eyes widened. (Departemen Agama RI, 2004)

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Translation: " O you who have believed, do not consume one another's wealth unjustly but only [in lawful] business by mutual consent. And do not kill yourselves [or one another]. Indeed, Allah is to you ever Merciful.". (Departemen Agama RI, 2004)

Indonesia has never progressed because its officials were arrested by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) for "eating state funds". all officials who entered the KPK, parliamentary officials, the executive was sworn religiously. But then it violated the oath, because it was not afraid of God. So, this country is not progressing because God is not feared. Our challenge is how God is feared. Let alone the KPK, God is not feared. (Nadlir, 2017)

It this disease is allowed it can harm our government and themselves because income from corruption can have a negative impact on them selves and our state. Rahman et al (1999) examined the impact of corruption on the economic growth and Gross Domestic Investments of Bangladesh. 

The overall result of the study indicates that corruption reduces economic growth by reducing Foreign Direct Investments (FDI). (Rahman, Gregory, & Kapil, 1999) Similarly, (Mauro, 1997) found that corruption also affects domestic investments negatively and economic growth is adversely affected in the long run. 

Furthermore, (Mo, 2001) estimated a direct and indirect effect of corruption on economic growth using a long term growth rates of per capital GDP from 1970 to 1985. The study identifies three transmission channels namely, investment, human capital and political stability. A regression is run using the corruption perception index of Transparency International, variables measuring the three transmission channels and other control variables. 

The result indicates that one unit increase in the corruption index reduces the growth rate by about 0.545 percentage point. However, the direct effect of corruption becomes insignificant in both ordinary least squares (OLS) and two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimation after controlling other variables. A strand of studies has also shown the link between corruption and poverty. For instance, (Rose-Ackerman, 1997) found that corruption aggravates the problem of poverty through the following channels.

a. The poor will receive a lower level of social services.

b. Infrastructure investment will be biased against projects that will aid the poor.

c. The poor may face higher tax or fewer services.

d. The poor are disadvantaged in selling their agricultural produce. e. Their ability to escape poverty using indigenous small-scale enterprise is diminished.

Corruption is one of the mental illnesses of infectious official especially in our intitution because every act of corruption involves many people with different roles. That corruption which spread everywhere which weakened the legitimacy of the government. Corruption in the procurement of public goods and services and inside charging fees to defame a government that seeks support the legitimacy of the community.

His sentence was killed or crucified or cut off from his hand or exiled. shows the sequence of penalties that can be applied to the offender depending on the impact of the damage he is doing. The lightest is exiled. If the sanction is insufficient for the offender then the next is hand cut. If it is still not considered in accordance with its behavior then it is crucified. And finally is killed. (Al-Tabatabai, 20

Every public official who has been proven to have committed corruption in order to be beaten with rattan by all Indonesian people. After that, their hand was cut in front of the public. when they (Ex-Corruptor)  no longer have hands but remain corrupt. 

Then, the punishment should be awarded a penalty in the form of cutting the neck. In our opinion, prison sentences are not right because they do not make them deterred and there is no learning for this nation. This punishment  is learning for officials who intend to corrupt to think about the consequences of their actions.

Heavy sanctions, both cutting hands and the death penalty for perpetrators of corruption  are not excessive. This must be a serious consideration for decision makers and law enforcement. Here are some things that can be considered: (Imantoro, 2010)

Hand cutting is an effective punishment because it fulfills three elements, namely ease of implementation, low cost, and providing deterrent effects Hand cut causes a deterrent effect because besides being witnessed by the wider community, it is also announced by the state (for example: that A has been cut off for corruption billion, included in national newspapers). Hand cutting is also not haphazard in its application. It must involve health workers such as doctors and nurses who are swift to treat injuries due to cutting hands.

Crime Extraordinary corruption has a detrimental effect on the nation and state and across generations that bear the consequences of corruption, so it is not appropriate to link hand-cutting penalties and death sentences with human rights violations

If the cutting of hands and the death penalty are implemented, the state does not need to bother to spend the cost of food for the prisoners of corruption. Cheaper fees can be obtained. After all, if it continues with prisoners' sentences like so far, they will be able to leave after years of detention, it is not impossible that corruption will be more sophisticated than before. 

The government in this case Depkumham needs Rp.8,000 per meal for prisoners. If the convicted corruption is sentenced to just 10 years, the Department of Law and Human Rights must spend Rp. 8,000 x 3 meals x 10 years x 365 days. In total, Rp. 87,600,000.

Indonesia as a legal state acts to tolerate criminal offenderscorruption, literally corruption is something rotten, evil and destructive.Because corruption involves moral aspects, characteristics and circumstances rotten.

Bibliography

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