      And another actor involved in this conflict is Eritrea. These Eritrean forces played an important role in containing the insurgency during the initial movement of the TPLF into the Amhara and Afar regions, as well as cutting off the TPLF's logistical supply lines. In addition, Eritrean forces also carried out various massacres in the city of Axum where the victims were children around 13 years old.Â
Tigray women and men were also subjected to rape and sexual violence, while others were taken by soldiers to Eritrean camps. And this has left thousands of people displaced (Chaslavova, 2022).Â
In other words, this actor is in coalition with the Ethiopian government to launch attacks against the TPLF, provide military support and share intelligence to Ethiopia, and was involved in a number of human rights violations during the conflict that exacerbated the humanitarian crisis in Tigray (Support, 2022).
      In addition to the actors involved in the conflict, there are several other actors who have a role to provide assistance to the communities affected by this conflict. One of them is Sudan as a place for affected people to evacuate. Where Sudan is experiencing an increase in refugees even though the country is experiencing an economic crisis. However, Sudan continues to provide assistance, namely by facilitating, coordinating and forming a refugee response committee to deal with refugees in Sudan. Local communities also provide support in the form of openly accepting refugees and sharing shelter and food for refugees (Lisvia & Aftah, 2023).
      Furthermore, the United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees participated in providing assistance. This organization is one of those organizations that has the goal of protecting rights, saving and building a future for refugees. In this conflict, UNHCR has provided various forms of assistance. Such as emergency shelter camp assistance in Sudan, health assistance by providing food, clean water (Ade, 2022).
      In addition, the organization also assists the Sudanese government to present data and information related to refugee conditions, refugees, the implementation of conventions, regulations and decisions applicable to refugees. UNHCR provides a protection desk and a child protection desk in the protection sector to conduct screening and registration for Ethiopian citizens to obtain refugee status (Lisvia & Aftah, 2023).
      And another organization that provides assistance is the UN World Food Programme. WFP has distributed food aid in several parts of the Tigray region, Ethiopia. In addition, WFP has provided emergency food assistance to nearly six million of them. And will continue to work with its partners in the wider distribution of aid, including to people in the Amhara, Afar and Somali regions and ensure that aid reaches people in need (Ariesta, 2023).
2.3. Design and Implementation
      In resolving conflicts, there are various methods that can be used such as mediation, judicial, court routes, and the use of weapons. In general, conflict resolution methods are divided into two types. First, a peaceful settlement that involves an agreement between the parties involved to find a solution in an amicable manner. Second, settlement through violence occurs if the solution is forced through the use of force (Aflah, 2023). So that in this settlement using the mediation method.
      Where in resolving the conflict that occurred there are several things that must be considered for the realization of a mutually beneficial agreement. Such as the struggle for government power, general elections, and political reforms that occurred in Ethiopia. So, there needs to be a neutral third party to resolve the conflict. Where, the actor who has a role as a mediator in solving this problem is the African Union. The African Union is a regional organization consisting of 55 member countries in Africa.
      In this conflict, the African Union has expressed its concern over the escalation of violence and the worsening humanitarian situation. It also condemned all kinds of violence in the conflict in Tigray and also affirmed the need to respect each other's human rights and protect civilians. Therefore, the African Union calls on all parties involved to stop fighting and refrain from aggravating the situation and prioritize peaceful negotiations (Wijayanti &Aini, 2023).
