Antara Akal dan Makna: Hermeneutika

Ricoeur menyarankan untuk memecahkan kedua kesulitan tersebut dengan menggunakan teori tekstual. Di satu sisi, setiap metafora sastra tertanam dalam konteks tekstual. Konteks hal ini memungkinkan untuk membangun jaringan interaksi dalam tindakan membaca, di mana metafora dapat diinterpretasikan.

Di sisi lain, setiap teks menguraikan dunia yang mungkin, dunia teks, dan dengan demikian menjelaskan cara yang mungkin untuk mengarahkan diri sendiri di dunia: Teks berbicara tentang dunia yang mungkin dan cara yang mungkin untuk mengarahkan diri sendiri di dunia, catat Ricoeur. Persoalan pengacuan teks sastra, yang sebagaimana diketahui tidak menemukan jawaban yang memuaskan dalam Frege, dapat dirumuskan kembali sebagai persoalan hubungan antara dunia teks sebagai dunia yang mungkin dan dunia karya pembaca.

tangkapan layar Buya Syakur

Untuk menjawab pertanyaan hal ini, Ricoeur beralih ke The Living Metaphor (1975) pertama kali kembali ke gagasan referensi ganda yang ia temukan dalam karya Jakobson tentang metafora. Dia menggabungkan ide hal ini dengan analisis semantik metafora yang diusulkan oleh penerus Wittgenstein dan dengan teori denotasi umum Goodman.

 Orientasi semantik metafora merobek makna yang terkandung dalam bidang referensi aslinya dan memproyeksikannya ke dalam bidang referensi baru ; pernyataan metaforis tiba-tiba memungkinkan bidang referensi yang tidak diketahui muncul untuk diskusi. Dia mentransfer konsep hal ini ke teks sastra secara keseluruhan. Sebuah teks sastra menggambarkan realitas secara baru. Uraian hal ini bisa tentang keadaan pikiran (puisi) atau aspek dunia praktik (narasi). Dalam hal hal ini, fiksi memiliki fungsi heuristik: memungkinkan munculnya cara-cara baru perasaan atau kemungkinan-kemungkinan tindakan baru.

tangkapan layar Kompas TV

Teks dan Alur. Ricoeur segera menemukan pandangan hal ini tidak memuaskan. Dalam Time and Narrative Ricoeur mengganti istilah deskripsi dan referensi dengan konfigurasi dan refigurasi, yang matriksnya diberikan oleh triple mimesis. Bagi Ricoeur, dalam lebih dari sekadar perubahan terminologis hal ini, ada tiga pertanyaan yang dipertaruhkan: keraguan tentang keunggulan logika ekstensional, mempertanyakan teori kebenaran korespondensi yang terkait dengan logika hal ini, dan peran pembaca dalam tindakan membaca. jatuh tempo.

Dalam tindakan hal ini, pembaca memperoleh kemungkinan baru untuk memahami dunia dan diri sendiri melalui teks. Membaca menjadi tantangan untuk tampil beda dan bertindak. Dengan mengaitkan kemungkinan-kemungkinan baru hal ini dengan pemahaman sehari-hari pembaca tentang dunia, kemungkinan-kemungkinan baru untuk tindakan terbuka baginya. Penerapannya dalam praktik memberikan realitas ekstratekstual pada kemungkinan dunia teks.

Pandangan praktis tentang makna hal ini merupakan ciri dasar hermeneutika Ricoeur. Hal ini sejalan dengan pemahaman filosofi yang menurutnya tindakan membentuk inti dari keberadaan di dunia dan dengan demikian menjadi kategori utama dari teori dunia kehidupan. Teori teks dan teori tindakan saling merujuk satu sama lain: Teks adalah paradigma tindakan manusia; plot adalah rujukan dari teks naratif. Hal ini bukan tanpa konsekuensi untuk teori aksi. Model naratif memberikan operator logis yang diperlukan untuk menggambarkan tindakan yang lebih kompleks daripada yang disukai oleh teori tindakan analitik. Dengan model identitas naratif, teori naratif menawarkan jawaban puitis atas atribusi aporia tindakan.

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