The Development of Islam and Diplomacy Used by The Ottoman Turks Empire in Their Governance from Beginning up to Collapse of The Kingdom

The rise of the Ottoman Empire.
 The Ottoman Turkish dynasty was a considerable caliphate in Islam and had a significant influence on the development of the Islamic region in Asia, Africa, and Europe. The Turkish nation has a very important role in the development of Islamic civilization. The emergence of the Ottoman dynasty in Turkey occurred when the Islamic world experienced the fragmentation of power in the second period of the Abbasid rule (about the 9th century). Before that, despite the Umayyad rule in Andalusia (755-1031 AD) and the Children of Idris in the western part of North Africa (788-974 AD), the liberation had increasingly become since the 9th century AD During that century various dynasties emerged. like Aghlab, in Kairawan (800-909 AD), the Children of Thulun in Egypt (858-905 AD), the Children of Saman in Bukhara (874-1001 AD) and the Children of Buwaih in Baghdad and Shiraz (932-1000 AD). The Ottoman Empire came to power extensively in Asia Minor since the emergence of the dynasty's mentor, Ottoman, in 1306 AD The Ottomans took their name from Usman I (1290-1326 AD), the founder of this kingdom and his descendants ruled until 1922. Among Muslim countries, The Ottoman Turks can establish the greatest and longest-running empire. At the time of Sultan Usman, the Turks did not seize the Arab countries, but also the whole area between the Caucasus and the city of Vienna. From Istanbul, the royal capital, they controlled the areas around the Mediterranean and for centuries Turkey was an important factor in the calculation of political experts in Western Europe. The Ottoman Empire was an Islamic caliphate that had a great influence on civilization in the Islamic world.

History of the establishment of the Ottoman Empire.
The name of the Ottoman kingdom was taken from and nationalized to their first ancestor, the Ottoman Sultan Ibn Sauji Ibn Arthogol Ibn Sulaimansyah Ibn Kia Alp, head of Kab Kab in Central Asia. The beginning of this dynasty was written in legends and history before 1300. This dynasty originated from the Qoyigh Oghus tribe. Which inhabited the Mongol region and the northern region of China more or less three centuries. Then they moved to Turkistan, Persia, and Iraq. They converted to Islam in the 9/10 century while settling in Central Asia. The Ottoman Empire was founded by nomadic peoples who came from the Central Asian region, which included the Kayi. When the Mongols invaded the Islamic world, the Kayi Sulaiman Syah tribal leader invited members of his tribe to avoid the invasion of the Mongols and flee to the West. They were finally divided into two groups, the first wanted to return to their home countries, the second continued their overseas travel to the Asia Minor region. The second group numbered around 400 families led by Erthegrol (Arthoghol), son of Sulaiman. Finally, they enslaved themselves to Sultan Ala Ad-Din II of Turki Snowq Rum whose government was based in Konya, Anatoli, Asia Minor. Ertheghol had a child named Usman, about born in 1258. The name Usman was designated as the name of the Ottoman Turkish kingdom. But in the East, the Turkish forces were challenged by the Safavid dynasty, another dynasty that emerged from unclear origins, which also led to the formation of the Turkish tribe. There was a long struggle to control the border areas which were located between the centers of power, namely eastern Anatolia and Iraq. Baghdad was conquered by the Uthmaniyyah dynasty in 1534 AD, was captured by the Safavids in 1623 AD, and was no longer ruled by the Uthmaniyyah dynasty until 1638 AD Partly due to the struggle against the Safavid dynasty. The Ottomans moved south into the lands of the Mamluk Sultanate. The Uthmaniyyah dynasty defended the borders of Islam and expanded, they clashed with the Safavid dynasty to fight over Anatholia and Iraq. The Safavid dynasty proclaimed the Shi'a as the official religion of the dynasty, while the Ottomans embraced the Sunni teachings along with the expansion of the empire which included the high centers of urban Islamic culture. The Ottoman bureaucrats who were trained in the palace system and not in the madrasa or in religious schools had another view of the interrelationship between politics and religion. Their views are described as prioritizing the 'fixed' ratio. The Uthmaniyyah bureaucrat saw the maintenance of the country's unity and the progress of Islam as its task. This is expressed in the formulation of the Din U devlet (din wa daulat) or religion and state. But the most effective aspect of the control of the Ottoman government was the Ulama institution, the hierarchy of people who were knowledgeable or had religious knowledge.

Progress of the Ottoman Empire

After Uthman announced himself as Padisyah al-Uthman (the great king of the Uthman family), he could expand his territory step by step. He invaded the Byzantine border region and conquered the city of Broessa in 1317 AD, then in 1326 AD was made the royal capital. At first, the Ottoman Empire only had a very small area, but with military support, it did not take long for the Ottomans to become a great Kingdom for a long time. After Usman died in 1326, his son Orkhan (Urkhan) ascended the throne at the age of 42.

Military and Government Affairs

The leaders of the Ottoman empire in the first days were strong people so that the kingdom could expand quickly and widely. Nevertheless, the progress of the Ottoman Empire reached its golden age, not solely because of the political superiority of its leaders. There are still many other factors that support the success of the expansion. The most important of which is the courage, skill, toughness, and military strength that is capable of fighting anytime and anywhere. For the first time, the kingdom's military strength began to be organized well and regularly when in contact with Europe. At that time, a large army was organized. The organization of multiple, tactics and Ottoman military combat strategies took place without significant hindrance. However, not long after the victory was achieved, this great military force was in chaos. His soldier's consciousness is decreasing. They feel as leaders who are entitled to receive a salary. However, this situation could soon be overcome by Orjhan by carrying out a major overhaul of the military body. Renewal in the military body of the military organization by Orkhan, not only in the form of mutations of the leadership personnel but also held an overhaul in membership. Non-Turkish nations are included as members, even Christian children who are still small are housed and guided in an Islamic atmosphere to be made warriors. This program turned out to be successful with the formation of a new military group which was genius or inkisyariah. These forces can turn the Ottoman state into the most powerful war machine, and provide a huge boost in the conquest of non-Muslim countries.

Next to the geniuses, there were more soldiers from the feudal army sent to the central government. This force is called the army or military group Thaujiah. The navy was in control because it had a large role in the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. In the 16th century, the Ottoman Turkish navy reached its peak. The powerful Ottoman Turkish military power was quickly able to control vast territory, both in Asia, Africa, and Europe. The main factor driving progress in the military field is that the Turkish nation's character is military, disciplined and obedient to regulations. This nature is a natural trait that they inherited from ancestors in central Asia. The success of the expansion was also accompanied by the creation of an orderly government network. In managing large areas of Ottoman Turkish sultans, they always acted decisively. In the structure of government, the sultan as the supreme ruler assisted with shadr al-a'zham (prime minister), who oversees pasya (governor). The governor heads the first level regions. Below him are a number of al-zanaziq or al-'alawiyah (regents). To regulate the affairs of state government, in the era of Sultan Sulaiman I, a book of the law (qanun) was prepared. The book was given the name Multaqa al-Abhur, which became the legal grip for the Ottoman Turkish kingdom until the advent of reform in the 19th century. Because of the valuable services of Sultan Sulaiman, I, at the end of his name was added the title al-Qanuni.

Science and Culture

Ottoman Turkish culture is a blend of various cultures, including Persian, Byzantine and Arabic cultures. From the Persian culture, they took many teachings about ethics and manners in the kings' court. Many government and military organizations are absorbed from Byzantium. Meanwhile, the teachings on economic, social, and social principles, scholarship, and letters they received from the Arabs. The Ottoman Turks are indeed famous for a nation that likes and easily assimilates with foreign nations and is open to accepting foreign cultures. This may be because they are still poor with culture. However, before they were nomads who lived in the plains of Central Asia. As a military-blooded nation, the Ottoman Turks focused their activities more in the military field, while in the field of science, they did not seem so prominent. For this reason, the Islamic intellectual realm did not find prominent scientists from the Ottoman Turks. However, they do a lot of work in the development of Islamic architectural art in the form of beautiful buildings, such as the Al-Mahammadi Mosque or the Jami 'Sultan Muhammad Al-Fatih Mosque, the Grand Mosque of Sulaiman and the Abi Ayyub Al-Ansari Mosque, the mosques are decorated also with beautiful calligraphy. One of the mosques that are famous for the beauty of its calligraphy is the mosque whose origin was the Aya Sophia church. The calligraphy decoration is used as a cover for Christian images that existed before. During Sulaiman's time in big cities and other cities many mosques, schools, hospitals, buildings, cemeteries, waterways bridges, villas, and public baths were built. It was said that 235 of the building were built under the coordinator of Sinin, an Anatolian architect.

The decline of the Ottoman Empire
 
The decline of the Ottoman Turks came after the death of Sulaiman Al-Qonuni. This is due to the many chaoses that occurred after Sultan Sulaiman died including a power struggle between his own son. Sulaiman's replacements were mostly people who were weak and had poor traits and personalities. Also due to the weakening of the spirit of the Ottoman warriors which resulted in defeat in the face of several wars. The economy is getting worse and the government system is not working properly. In addition to the above factors, there are also factors that caused the Ottoman Empire to decline, including:

Very Large Territory

The rapid expansion of territory that occurred in the Ottoman empire, causing the government to feel difficulties in carrying out government administration, especially after the reign of Sultan Sulaiman. So that the administration of the Ottoman government went wrong. It seems that the Ottoman rulers were only expanding, without ignoring the structuring of the government system. This causes areas far from the center to be easily captured by the enemy and some try to escape. he weakness of the Rulers After Sultan Sulaiman died, then there was a change of authority. These rulers have weak personalities and leadership, as a result, the government becomes chaotic and difficult to overcome.

Economic Slump

As a result of wars that occur continuously, the costs are increasingly swollen, while state spending is very large so that the economy of the Turkish kingdom has fallen.

Occurrence of Stagnation in the Field of Science and Technology

Science and Technology always go hand in hand so that both are needed in life. The Ottoman Empire was less successful in developing this Science and Technology because it only prioritized its military development. Military advances that were not matched by advances in science and technology meant that the Ottoman empire was unable to deal with enemy weapons from more advanced Europe.