Menarik utk melihat dan membandingkan ekonomi RI dgn negara lain mengingat system yg di miliki pemerintah gagal utk mensejahterakan rakyatnya.
Utk itu mari kita lihat system ekonomi china terlebih dahulu sebelum melihat system ekonomi negara2 lainnya sehingga kita bisa Kaizen di kemudian hari.
China has attention to the structure and health of the economy.
They have 2 plans called “Two 100s”:
1. In 2020 which is the 100th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, the material goal of China becoming a “moderately well-off society”
2. In2049 which is the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic, the modernization goal of China becoming a fully developed nation.
Now how they achieve this?
1. Most economic growth of China is created from Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China.
In the early 1980s steps were taken to expand the number of areas that could accept foreign investment. Laws on contracts, patents, and other matters of concern to foreign businesses were also passed in an effort to attract international capital to spur China's development.
2. Capitalism is to be utilized to help the building of the "New China" and finally merged into communism. Meaning Since 1978, the government had focused on foreign trade as a major vehicle for economic growth. Foreign trade is supervised by the Ministry of Commerce, customs, and the Bank of China, the foreign exchange arm of the Chinese banking system, which controls access to the foreign currency required for imports.
In the 1980s, China tried to combine central planning with market-oriented reforms to increase productivity, living standards, and technological quality without exacerbating inflation, unemployment, and budget deficits.
Reforms began in the agricultural, industrial, fiscal, financial, banking, price setting, and labor systems.
Reform in agriculture,
The Household Responsibility System allowed peasants to lease land for a fixed period from the collective, provided they delivered to the collective a minimum quota of produce, usually basic grain. They could then sell any surplus they produced, either to the state at government procurement prices or on the newly free market. They were also permitted to retain any profits they might earn.
Reform in Industry
Prior to 1978, enterprises were almost all owned by the state in one form or another. At the top of each sector were the State-owned Enterprises (SOEs), answerable to the national government. Below these were other enterprises reporting to provincial, municipal, or county authorities. Private enterprises, meaning family-run shops, were not allowed until after 1978, and even then they were limited to seven employees.
China's SOEs were typical of large industrial firms in a centrally planned economy. They functioned not only as industrial units but also as social agencies, providing housing, daycare, education, and health care for the workers and their families.
Because SOEs are large industries and focusing on foreign trade, China has a huge surplus.As of 2012, large state-owned enterprises (SOEs) were the backbone of China's economy, producing over 50% of the nation's goods and services, and employing over half of China's workers. Sixty-five of the Chinese companies in the 2012 Fortune Global 500 list were state-owned. Reform efforts were focused on splitting state-owned firms or creating competing state-owned firms—rather than privatization
In China, the majority of investment is carried out by entities that are at least partially state-owned. Most of these are under the control of local governments. Thus booms are primarily the result of perverse incentives at the local-government level. This is the way how they control Foreign direct investment for the best benefit of its people.
3. Deng & Li had their slogan: "Who cares if a cat is black or white, as long as it catches the mice." Meaning they just care about the result.
China story that insulted them from regional crisis
China had huge reserves due to foreign trade done by SOEs, a currency that was not freely convertible, and capital inflows that consisted overwhelmingly of long-term investment and its not to devalue had been a major stabilizing factor for the region.
How China manage its control?
The State Constitution of 1982 specified that:
1. The state is to guide the country's economic development by making broad decisions on economic priorities and policies, and
2. that the State Council, which exercises executive control, was to direct its subordinate bodies in preparing and implementing the national economic plan and the state budget.
Each significant economic sector is supervised by one or more of these organizations, which includes the People's Bank of China, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Finance, and the ministries of agriculture; coal industry; commerce; communications; education; light industry; metallurgical industry; petroleum industry; railways; textile industry; and water resources and electric power.
Several aspects of the economy are administered by specialized departments under the State Council, including the National Bureau of Statistics, Civil Aviation Administration of China, and the tourism bureau.
Each of the economic organizations under the State Council directs the units under its jurisdiction through subordinate offices at the provincial and local levels.
Economic policies and decisions adopted by the National People's Congress and the State Council are to be passed on to the economic organizations under the State Council, which incorporates them into the plans for the various sectors of the economy.
Economic plans and policies are implemented by a variety of
1. direct control mechanism and
Direct control is exercised by designating specific physical output quotas and supply allocations for some goods and services.
2. indirect control mechanisms
Indirect instruments—also called "economic levers"—operate by affecting market incentives.
These included levying taxes, setting prices for products and supplies, allocating investment funds, monitoring and controlling financial transactions by the banking system, and controlling the allocation of key resources, such as skilled labor, electric power, transportation, steel, and chemicals (including fertilizers).
China adopts the "five-year-plan" strategy for economic development. The Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2011–2015) is currently being implemented.
China needed to sustain an annual growth rates of 8% for the foreseeable future. Only with such levels of growth, the leadership argued, could China continue to develop its industrial prowess, raise its citizen's standard of living, and redress the inequalities that were cropping up across the country. Yet no country had ever before maintained the kind of growth that China was predicting.
Chinese local officials are motivated primarily by political considerations. As their performance evaluations are based, to a large extent, on GDP growth within their jurisdictions, they have a strong incentive to promote large-scale investment projects.[88][89] They also don’t face any real bankruptcy risk. When localities get into trouble, they are invariably bailed out by state-owned banks. Under these circumstances, overinvestment is inevitable.
A typical cycle begins with a relaxation of central government credit and industrial policy. This allows local governments to push investment aggressively, both through state-sector entities they control directly and by offering investment-promotion incentives to private investors and enterprises outside their jurisdictions.
The resulting boom puts upward pressure on prices and may also result in shortages of key inputs such as coal and electricity (as was the case in 2003).[91] Once inflation has risen to a level at which it begins to threaten social stability, the central government will intervene by tightening enforcement of industrial and credit policy. Projects that went ahead without required approvals will be halted. Bank lending to particular types of investors will be restricted. Credit then becomes tight and investment growth begins to decline.
Eventually such centrally-imposed busts alleviate shortages and bring inflation down to acceptable levels. At that point, the central government yields to local-government demands for looser policy and the cycle begins again.
Foreign investment abroad:
Go Global, to encourage its enterprises to invest overseas.
There were diligent efforts to increase energy efficiency and increase use of renewable sources; over 1,000 inefficient power plants had been closed, but projections continued to show a dramatic rise in carbon emissions from burning fossil fuels
Sumber:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_China