Islam, Pluralism, and Identity Politics in the Modern World

The concepts of identity politics and pluralism have gained more weight in contemporary discourse on Islam. Identity politics, which highlight the distinctions and identities of specific groups, often pose difficulties to pluralism, which is a concept of diversity and the coexistence of several groups in one community. Islam is a religion that has over a billion followers worldwide, and as such, it is a topic of much discussion on its relationship to identity politics and pluralism. These three elements are intertwined and interact to shape social and political realities in different parts of the world, presenting a dynamic that is full of relevance and challenges.

Islam has a long history of pluralism. The Quran and Hadith contain many references that support diversity and coexistence. The Quran, for example, in Surah Al-Hujurat verse 13 and Al-Maidah verse 48 states:

"O people! Indeed We created you from a man and a woman and made you into nations and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the noblest among you in the sight of Allah is the most pious. Indeed, Allah knows best."

This verse emphasizes that human diversity is God's will and that a person's glory does not depend on their group identity, but on their piety and deeds.

"And We have sent down to you the Book (the Qur'an) with the truth, confirming what preceded it and being a guardian over it; so judge between them according to what Allah has sent down and do not follow their lusts in forsaking the truth that has come to you. For each nation among you We have given a rule and a clear path. If Allah had willed, He would have made you one people, but Allah wants to test you for what He has given you, so compete in doing good. Only to Allah will you all return, and He will tell you what you have disputed."

This verse underlines that Allah has given different paths and rules for each people. This diversity is a test from Allah, and humans are asked to compete in doing good. This indicates that pluralism is an integral part of the Divine plan, and humanity should utilize it for the common good.

Pluralism has grown more complicated in the modern era due to a number of political, social, and cultural factors. Several nations with a majority of Muslims, including Indonesia, Malaysia, and Lebanon, struggle to strike a balance between pluralism and pressure from organizations trying to impose their own identities.

Indonesia, for example, is known for its motto "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" (diverse but still one). As the country with the largest Muslim population in the world, Indonesia has long been an example of how Islam and pluralism can coexist. However, these pluralistic ideals have been tested by the growing politicization of religion and the emergence of extreme organizations. There are significant challenges to Indonesian variety, including prejudice toward religious minorities, the closing of non-Muslim houses of worship, and the application of sharia law in some regions.

The concept of plurality is frequently contested by identity politics, which emphasizes the distinctions and identities of specific groups. Identity politics frequently emphasizes contrasts in race, religion, and culture in order to garner political support. Conflict and social division may result from this.

In the Middle East, sectarian conflict between Sunnis and Shias frequently influences identity politics. Prolonged conflicts have been experienced in countries like Yemen, Syria, and Iraq, which have been primarily caused by sectarian tensions and the manipulation of identity politics by regional and local actors. These conflicts not only destroy the social fabric but also undermine the potential to achieve a pluralistic and peaceful society.

In Europe and North America, increasing migration from Muslim countries has brought Islam into direct interaction with largely secular and multi-religious societies. Here, issues such as Islamophobia, discrimination, and debates about integration versus assimilation take center stage. Many Muslims in the diaspora face challenges in maintaining their identity while attempting to integrate into a wider society.

Cases such as the hijab ban in French schools and the mosque debate in Germany show how identity politics can conflict with the principles of pluralism. However, there are also positive instances where Muslim communities have succeeded in integrating themselves into a pluralistic society. Muslim communities around the world have integrated themselves into pluralistic cultures by making significant contributions to a range of spheres of life, including social services, business, politics, and education. Conversations between Muslim and non-Muslim populations are fostered by groups like the Council on American-Islamic Relations and the Islamic Society of North America, which aim to increase Muslim involvement in society. In Canada, the Muslim community has actively participated in various sectors, including politics, business, and public services.

Managing pluralism and identity politics in an Islamic context requires an inclusive and fair approach. Improving knowledge of the value of tolerance and pluralism through education is a crucial first step. By covering the achievements and histories of various religious and ethnic groups in the curriculum, education can help lessen prejudice and discrimination by fostering a greater understanding of variety. In addition, encouraging interfaith communication is a calculated move that will help ease tensions and foster understanding. Programs that facilitate meetings between different communities can create space for discussion and cooperation, which is essential for creating social cohesion.

In addition, the government should adopt policies that are inclusive and fair towards all religious and ethnic groups. This includes protecting the rights of minorities, ensuring equal access to public services, and enforcing laws that protect against discrimination and hatred. These inclusive policies ensure each person experiences a sense of acceptance and worth within society.

Additionally, moderate religious leaders are essential in spreading ideas of diversity and tolerance. Religious leaders have the power to combat extremism and encourage harmony between communities. They are able to understand religious doctrine in a way that promotes unity and tolerance for diversity.

In the end, the public's perception is greatly influenced by the media. Responsible media should tell stories that encourage tolerance and pluralism rather than reinforcing prejudices and stereotypes against particular religious or racial communities. In this sense, the media may help build a more accepting and peaceful society where collaboration between different cultures and religions can flourish and differences are acknowledged.

When used consistently, these strategies can assist in managing identity politics and pluralism in the Islamic setting in a just and inclusive way, laying the foundation for a community that is peaceful and harmonious.

Wa Ode Farah Amorily_20230510017_Class L_AIK 2 Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta