Brief Insights from Bob Sugeng Hadiniwata's Book

Bob Sugeng Hadiwinata's Studi dan Teori Hubungan Internasional: Arus Utama, Alternatif, dan Reflektivis presents a comprehensive exploration of International Relations (IR) theories, contextualized within Indonesia's unique political and cultural framework. Divided into four sections, the book examines mainstream, alternative, and reflectivist approaches, offering valuable insights into how these theories influence global and regional interactions.
Foundations of International Relations

Sugeng begins by tracing the historical evolution of IR as a discipline, highlighting key thinkers such as Thucydides, Machiavelli, and Kant. He contrasts the British descriptive approach, which focuses on qualitative analysis of real-world contexts, with the American scientific method, characterized by empirical and systematic techniques. Sugeng then transitions to Indonesia's unique contributions to IR, emphasizing the importance of regionalism and the Bebas dan Aktif (Independent and Active) foreign policy. This principle underscores Indonesia's preference for neutrality while actively engaging in international diplomacy, as seen in its leadership role in ASEAN. Despite these contributions, Sugeng notes that limited resources and theoretical innovation constrain Indonesian IR scholarship, suggesting untapped potential for global influence.

Mainstream Theories in IR

Sugeng explores dominant theories such as Liberalism and Neoliberalism, which emphasize cooperation through international institutions. He highlights the European Union as a prime example of economic integration and multilateralism, showcasing how collective decision-making fosters stability. In contrast, Realism and Neorealism focus on power dynamics in an anarchic system, where states prioritize their survival. Examples like the Cold War arms race and the South China Sea disputes illustrate the struggle for dominance in realist terms, while neorealism emphasizes systemic pressures, as seen in NATO's formation during the Cold War. A case study of the Paris Agreement exemplifies the liberal emphasis on cooperation, demonstrating how nations collectively address climate change through shared commitments, transparency, and trust.

Alternative Perspectives in IR

Sugeng introduces alternative approaches that challenge mainstream theories, starting with the English School. This perspective focuses on the "international society" of shared norms and values that regulate state behavior, exemplified by the Geneva Conventions' role in maintaining ethical standards during conflicts. Critical Theory critiques Western dominance and economic inequality perpetuated by institutions like the IMF, advocating for a fairer global system. The Copenhagen School expands the scope of security to include non-traditional threats like climate change and human security, demonstrated by the securitization of climate change in international policies. A notable example is Indonesia's leadership in ASEAN's Disaster Management Agreement, which aligns with the Copenhagen School's focus on collective regional efforts to address environmental challenges.

Reflectivist Theories

Reflectivist theories, which challenge traditional IR methods, form the final section. Sugeng underscores the role of language and identity in shaping global politics, highlighting how linguistic choices signify cultural and social belonging. Feminist IR critiques male-dominated frameworks, emphasizing the need for inclusive approaches, such as gender-neutral policies that challenge traditional norms. Postmodernism questions the concept of absolute truths, advocating for multiple perspectives and interpretations. Constructivism, meanwhile, stresses the importance of shared norms and ideas, as seen in international cooperation on climate change. A case study of the securitization of terrorism post-9/11 illustrates how language and framing influence global priorities, leading to widespread counterterrorism measures that redefine security policies worldwide.

As an International Relations major at the Fakultas Hukum, Sosial & Politik in Universitas Pendidikan Muhammadiyah Sorong (UNIMUDA Sorong). Bob Sugeng Hadiwinata's book offers a clear understanding of International Relations by integrating mainstream and alternative theories with real-world examples. By situating these concepts within Indonesia's context, Sugeng highlights the importance of blending global insights with local perspectives.