Contribution of oil palm to end hunger (SDGs 2) can be seen from the decreasing of undernourishment prevalence from 25 % in 1995 to 5 % in 2019 [11] with average growth -6% per year during the period. The contribution of palm oil to end hunger especially because that palm oils providing cheapest vegetable oil-based food. In 2020, palm oil provide export of 54.4% of vegetable oils and supply 40.4% of global vegetable oils. This is happen because of important role of women in achieving food security and nutrition status of the family [1], [12], [13].
Meanwhile, palm oil contributes in achieving SDGs 8. Palm oil contributions including increasing labor growth in oil palm plantation; providing economic multiplier and  job opportunities in palm oil industry, increasing share of palm oil to GDP (%); Palm oil Industry create New center of economic growth in production center of oil palm provinces in Indonesia, income of oil palm smallholders higher compare to non-oil palm smallholders; Palm oil industry contribute to Foreign Exchange Earnings (Billion  US $) and boosting job creation  &  income generating in downstream industry of palm oil Importing countries [1].
However, Â survey data [14] indicate that Indonesian women are economically more vulnerable than men, as they experience lower employment rates, earn lower incomes (around 60 per cent that of men) and have fewer working hours. Poor women in rural areas had the lowest rates of employment, income and working hours. Women---and poor women in particular---are also more likely to be unschooled and have lower exposure to media. Women's unpaid work contributes $10 trillion per year globally, or 13 per cent of global GDP, according to the High-level Panel for Women's Economic Empowerment. Hence, we need to implement a gender-responsive approach to fashioning a new quality, paid care economy as we tackle the poverty, jobs, economic growth and inequality crisis and nexus [15]. Women's lower incomes and limited access to other resources such as land, credit, and assets can reduce their bargaining power within a household. As such, women experience a restricted ability to exercise their preferences in the gender division of unpaid/paid labor, the allocation of household income and their ability to exit harmful relationships is also impeded. Thus, promoting women's economic empowerment can foster a more gender-equitable and gender-responsive pattern of economic development and be a panacea for poverty.
In 2020, palm oil industry provides direct job for 4.2 million farmer and indirect job for 12 million people while in 2010 were only 1.5 million people engaged in palm oil industry and majority were male of 92.39% and 7.61 % were female. The male dominated the independent oil palm farming community in the study area. This may not be unconnected with the labor-intensive nature of oil palm farming, which the female counterparts may not find interest in doing. Data from 22 provinces with oil palm expansion the total number of women workers increased to 1.81 million or 56.5% in 2020 with average growth rate of 9 % per year during the period. This significantly increased compared to total of women agronomic labor in oil palm plantation was 0.34 million or 10.90 % of total labor in oil palm plantation in 2010. There are 3 types women participation in oil palm plantation namely (i) oil palm farmer who work in agronomic activities, (ii) employees, and (iii) oil palm plantation worker/labor. [1], [16].
Women contribute as a labor on crop maintenance activities such as, fertilizing, circle weeding and path spraying. The productivity of women depends on the status of their position namely permanent and non-permanent labor, where permanent labor slightly more productive compared to non-permanent labor, 11. 03 per ha and 10,81 per ha, respectively. The study [17] revealed that with regard to age distribution of the respondents, 42.27% of the independent oil palm farmers were aged between 31 -- 45 years. Followed by those in the age of 46-60 (37.11%), those 66 years and more (13.20%) and lastly those in the range of 16-30 years (7.39 %) came last., the study This indicates that among those, younger people seem to have less interest in oil palm farming. In term of level of education, mostly of 62% of women labor in palm oil were graduated of secondary school and working experiences as oil palm labor o6 to 10 years for permanent labor and 1 to 5 years for the nonpermanent labor. Most of the women labor in oil palm plantation are coming from outside the province. The study also confirmed that only variable of working participating that significant [17]. Â Â
The rate of wages in oil palm plantation relatively proportional with length of working hours wages per day of male worker is Rp95.000/day with working hours of 8 hours while for female worker is Rp80.000/day with working hours of 7 hours. The situation considers oil palm development already implemented the framework of Gender Equality and Social Inclusiveness with proportional way [37]. As did by Indonesia government for oil palm, government of Kenya that sunflower and soybean is a female enterprise crop. Male farmers owned the land hence made all regardless of the gender labor requirement. All male farmers' accessed information on best farming practices, while women farmers did not.
- In relation to SDGs 12, responsible consumption and production, contribution of palm oil measured as the most efficient vegetable oil compare to other vegetables oil. The productivity of oil palm is the highest compared to others vegetable oil crops. The productivity of oil palm is 4.30 ton per hectare while rapeseed, sunflower, and soybean are 0.70,0.52, and 0.45 ton per hectare, respectively. Therefore Land-oil production ratio of oil palm is 0.23ha/ton oil, while rapeseed, soybean, and sunflower are 1.28;1.74, and 1.03 ha/ton oil, respectively. This shows that palm oil supports achieving both SDGs 12, responsible consumption and production, and SDGs 15- land life [2].
- Gender Mainstreaming in Palm Oil Industry
Engendering global commodity including palm oil supply chains deliver in 9 of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) especially if Zero Deforestation goes hand in-hand with No Exploitation. Gender Equality is a critical part of the 2030 Agenda's Leave No One Behind (LNOB) principle. Getting Gender right also means replacing harmful norms with positive ones and dismantling harmful stereotype. This shows how important to implement Gender Equality and Social Inclusiveness in palm oil industry.
Palm oil supply chains deserve special attention. They are economically powerful, and affect the lives and incomes of millions of smallholder farmers and workers including women. Several normative frameworks emphasize, to varying degrees, the need to minimize adverse social and environmental effects from palm oil supply chain activities. However, Gender Equality is inconsistently prioritized in those frameworks, compliance is difficult to achieve and consensus on what Gender Equality means in the context of CSCs is still elusive.
Women have a critical economic stake and role in sustainable supply chains, particularly in demand and investment. Women control approximately 64% of consumer spending and their global earnings are in the trillions of dollars. Women are fast becoming lead influencers and trendsetters, and are expressing more interest in ethical brands and consumption. Women's interest in environmental issues is rather low and awareness of environmental issues is limited (Indonesia) because of a lack of education and access to information.
Social inclusiveness could be seen from the involvement of women in capacity building in palm oil industry. Â The gender-related initiatives in West Kalimantan projects have started as early as the beginning of the projects. Not necessarily in the form of all-female initiatives but more of the involvement of women and female farmers in the Farmers' Field School and Financial Literacy Training. The earliest financial capacity building started in 2013 while FFS in 2015. The number of women involved in the financial-related trainings is more substantial and presumably this is related to the gender norm within the society where women are often expected to manage the financial aspect of the family. Most of the time women are also in charge for figuring out to generate extra household income as well as helping out the husband and other family members in the oil palm plantation.
For example, training activities for women in palm oil expansion area in West Kalimantan by Indonesia Solidaridad Network Foundation, which attracted more participants each year. In 2016, a total participant in the project was 617, where the number of male participants in the training was 473 or 76.66% and female was 144 or 23.34%. In 2019, the women participation was 723 out of 2216 participants or 32.13 % .From the experience in the field, the quality of participation matters. The quality effects, positive or negative, of the role that women play in a palm oil supply chain are influenced by the time, knowledge and capacity that she has including her understanding and knowledge of sustainable practices.
- Closing
