1. Denotative and Connotative Meaning: A word's denotative meaning is determined by its dictionary definition; its connotative meaning is determined by the word's implicit meaning, which can be either positive or negative.
2. Descriptive Language: Words that authors use to bring out a certain feeling or sense.
3. Tone: The views that the author develops towards sources that challenge his or her point of view as well as towards those that support it.
4. Fairness or Intellectual Honesty: The extent to which the claims made by the writer are backed up by evidence, as well as how the author handles the evidence that opposes their statements.
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