The global hegemon
• Keeps GLOBAL order (sets global norms) with its overwhelming military power and
• maintains Systemic Stability with its overwhelming economic power
Previous Global Hegemons
1. 19th Century: United Kingdom: Only 22 countries have never attacked by UK: The Sun never sets in the British Empire” (Stuart Laycock).
2. 20th Century: United States: "[In July 2015] … the United States still maintains nearly 800 military bases in more than 70 countries and territories abroad—from giant ‘Little Americas’ to small radar facilities. Britain, France and Russia, by contrast, have about 30 foreign bases combined.” (David Vine).
The New International Normal: Regional Clusters
•Will China become the next Global Hegemon, replacing the USA that had replaced the UK? NO because India is rising too → No more Global Hegemon outcome in future
•For the Multi-Polar World, 800 worldwide military bases by each major power is too dangerously accident-prone → National security objective is met by dividing the world into Spheres of Influence e.g. US chronic agitation over Cuba, China reaches into the South China Sea
SDSN Projects to Reduce Tensions in Cold War 2.0
• The national security objective is driven primarily by mutual distrust about each other’s intentions, so SDSN designs US-China projects with win-win outcomes to build trust between US and China.
• SDSN trust-building activities include US-China cooperation to fight climate change, preserve bio-diversity, and expand good parts of globalization.
2.Dealing with Climate Change and the Destruction of Bio-Diversity SDSN in ASEAN
1.The ASEAN Green Future project (AGF)
2.The Science Panel for Southeast Asia Biodiversity Protection on Land NZE = Net Zero Emissions of Greenhouse Gases
• NZE means transformation to green economy,Global NZE has to be achieved by 2050 to meet 1.5oC target
• NZE requires a comprehensive investment program that will not emerge from a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario.Successful NZE requires government actions across many fronts: regulations, education, public investments, and foreign technological assistance
• NZE for Indonesia is not only responsible global citizenship but also an externally enforced requirement e.g. European Green Deal will start putting tariffs on goods from countries with weak climate actions.SDSN ”ASEAN Green Future (AGF)” Project to fight Climate Change
• Nine country teams (Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) are analyzing the pathways to achieve NZE.
The ”ASEAN Green Future (AGF)” Framework The specific characteristics ASEAN, like vast rainforests and plantation agriculture, mean that NZE consists of
1. Reduction in CO2 emission by technical systems like power-generation industry, and transportation sector,decarbonization of technical systems
2. Increase in CO2 absorption by natural carbon sinkholes with reforestation and restoration of mangrove systems, and increase carbon-absorptive capacity of soil with rehabilitation of mined-out land and use of organic fertiliser,re-carbonization of natural eco-systems.Science Panel on Southeast Asia Biodiversity (SP-SEA)
• SP-SEA is a spinoff from the “re-carbonization of natural eco-systems” component of AGF that was motivated by the desire to also study protection of biodiversity in the context of economic development
• SP-SEA was inspired by the success of SDSN project Science Panel for the Amazon (SPA).
3.The Work Agenda for SP-SEA
1. Forest – protection and expansion → preserve biodiversity and enlarge natural carbon sinkholes
2. Agriculture – reduce environmental damage & increase crop resilience & improve soil fertility
3. Indigenous communities -- Social justice & economic progress 4. Land use – green cities
• SP-SEA will start with Borneo which already has cooperation of Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysian in Heart of Borneo project. Geographical coverage will increase.
• SP-SEA will expand into “life below the waters of Southeast Asia”
4. The Time for Leadership from Indonesia & Universitas Palangka Raya (UPR)
