The establishment of the National SDG Secretariat further institutionalizes this alignment. The Secretariat coordinates cross-sectoral efforts, monitors progress, and facilitates stakeholder engagement, including collaboration with the private sector and civil society organizations. Nevertheless, challenges persist, particularly in translating national policies into actionable programs at the regional and local levels.
Poverty Alleviation and Economic Inclusion
Indonesia has made commendable progress in reducing poverty, with the poverty rate declining from 11.2% in 2015 to 9.54% in 2022 (BPS, 2022). Programs such as the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the Non-Cash Food Assistance Program (BPNT) have played pivotal roles in enhancing social safety nets. These initiatives directly contribute to SDG 1 and SDG 2 (Zero Hunger).
However, poverty alleviation efforts face persistent challenges, including disparities between urban and rural areas and the vulnerability of populations in remote regions. For instance, while urban poverty stands at 7.6%, rural poverty remains significantly higher at 12.8% (BPS, 2022). Addressing these disparities requires targeted interventions that consider the unique socio-economic characteristics of rural communities.
Education and Human Capital Development
Indonesia’s investment in education aligns with SDG 4, focusing on ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education. The introduction of the Smart Indonesia Program (PIP) and the School Operational Assistance (BOS) program has expanded access to education for underprivileged students. Between 2015 and 2021, Indonesia’s net enrollment rate in primary education reached 93%, indicating significant progress (UNESCO, 2021).
Despite these achievements, challenges persist in improving educational quality and addressing regional disparities. The 2018 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) ranked Indonesia 72nd out of 79 countries, highlighting gaps in learning outcomes. Bridging these gaps requires a dual focus on enhancing teacher quality and investing in educational infrastructure, particularly in disadvantaged regions.
Navigating Environmental Challenges
Climate Change and Energy Transitions
Indonesia’s commitment to SDG 13 (Climate Action) is reflected in its updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement. The country aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 29% (unconditionally) and 41% (conditionally) by 2030. Key initiatives include the Low Carbon Development Initiative (LCDI) and the promotion of renewable energy sources.
Despite these commitments, Indonesia remains heavily reliant on fossil fuels, with coal accounting for approximately 38% of its energy mix in 2021 (IEA, 2021). Transitioning to renewable energy sources, such as geothermal, solar, and wind, requires substantial investment and policy incentives. Additionally, addressing deforestation—a major contributor to Indonesia’s emissions—necessitates strengthened enforcement of land use regulations and expanded reforestation programs.
