The Death Rate from Heart Disease in Indonesia

Based on the Global Burden of Disease and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) 2014-2019, heart disease is the leading cause of death in Indonesia. Every year in the world it is estimated that more people die from heart and blood vessel disease when compared to other diseases.

In 2030, WHO estimates that there will be 23.6 million deaths due to heart and blood vessel disease in the world. Southeast Asia is also predicted to be an area experiencing a sharp increase in mortality from heart coronary or blood vessel disease.

The heart consists of a ventricle which is the lower part of the heart consisting of the right and left, the right ventricle functions to pump blood from the heart to the lungs. While the left ventricle functions to pump clean blood from the heart to the rest of the body. The heart is located in the thoracic cavity behind the breastbone. The structure of the heart turns downward and slightly to the left. Heart weight range +/- 300 grams as big as a fist.

During a beat, each chamber of the heart relaxes and blood enters the heart (diastole), and then the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the heart (systole).  Myocardial infarction or heart disease is an emergency that occurs when a blood clot blocks blood flow to the heart.

In medical language, coronary heart disease is the occurrence of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries. The normal EF of the human heart is 50% -70%. If the heart pump has decreased the EF will be below 40% including Congestive Heart Failure (CHF).  

One of the diseases of heart disease is a congestive heart disease which very often occurs anywhere and anyone because there are no specific signs when this disease has not occurred. Congestive heart disease Congestive heart failure is when the heart is unable to pump enough blood. 

Heart failure is a dangerous disease because the heart is less efficient at pumping blood than a normal heart. This congestive heart disease can cause lung leakage (pleural effusion) due to cardiogenesis (from the heart), the heart thickens or enlarges so that the heart valves are pulled until there is a leak in the lungs and causes a pleura effusion.

Heart disease risk factor :

1. Cardiovascular disease

Human heart failure is most frequently brought on by coronary artery disease. This cardiac condition is brought on by a plaque buildup in the blood veins of the heart, which limits blood flow to the heart and causes the blockage. As a result, the heart's muscle is harmed and its ability to pump blood effectively is compromised. This increases the risk of heart failure in persons with coronary artery disease.

2. elevated blood pressure

The heart needs to work harder to pump blood to all of the body's organs when blood vessel pressure is too high. Without treatment, high blood pressure will make the heart muscle work harder to pump blood. The heart's ability to pump blood is hampered over time by the heart's muscle stiffening as a result of overworking it by pumping blood too forcefully

3. Heart valve damage

The vascular system of the body is one-way. The heart valves are the components of the heart that prevent blood flow into and out of the heart from being reversed. As a result, heart issues might result from blocked blood flow caused by heart valve disease. When a heart valve malfunctions and restricts blood flow, the heart has to work harder. Heart failure develops over time when the overworked heart weakens and is unable to pump blood normally.

4. Diabetes 

Diabetes increases the chance of heart failure in a person. People with diabetes who frequently have uncontrolled or increased blood sugar levels are at an even higher risk.

Diabetes has a role in the onset of heart failure for several reasons. One is that diabetes harms kidney and heart blood arteries, which over time may result in heart failure.

High blood sugar thickens the blood, which makes it harder for the heart to pump blood throughout the body and is another factor. These increase the chance of heart failure in diabetics.

5. Arrhythmia

An abnormally fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat is referred to as an arrhythmia. The general health of the heart, including its capacity to pump blood, is impacted when the heart rhythm is irregular.

The first thing to do during an emergency cardiac arrest is CPR or cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CPR is a first aid measure for people experiencing respiratory arrest due to a narrowed or closed airway. 

CPR is best performed within the first 5 minutes when the patient is unconscious with an AED (automated external defibrillator). If handled directly by a doctor, intubation will be carried out, intubation is a procedure for inserting a breathing apparatus in the form of a tube into the throat or trachea through the mouth or nose. 

Several special medicines are used in emergencies such as epinephrine liquid which functions to relieve allergies, relax the muscles of the respiratory tract, and increase blood pressure so that breathing becomes easier, and blood flow to cells is maintained. 

Another special medicine is nitroglycerin, this drug is used to reduce and prevent angina (chest pain) due to coronary heart disease. These drugs work by dilating blood vessels and increasing the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart muscle. 

CPR is a technique that is well known by everyone for mutual survival, here are some of the procedures for doing CPR: 

1. Raise the patient's head to warn that there is an obstruction in his neck. 

2. press the sternum 30 times with 3 rounds, 1 round contains 10 times the press. 

3. lastly check to breathe and give artificial oxygen (do it up to 3 times).