Surabaya, Indonesia's second largest city, is facing increasingly intense heat, a phenomenon that can be closely linked to global climate change. As extreme weather events become more frequent around the world, cities like Surabaya are experiencing noticeable shifts in temperature, wind patterns and pollution levels, causing discomfort and health risks for its residents.
Climate change is no longer an abstract concern for future generations; its impacts are already being felt in urban centers around the world. According to a recent study published in Nature Climate Change (September 2024), global temperatures have been rising at an unprecedented rate, with cities in tropical regions like Indonesia feeling the greatest impact of these changes. The study highlights how rapid urbanization and air pollution exacerbate the local effects of a warming planet, contributing to hotter days and warmer nights.
In Surabaya, residents have long complained of unbearable heat. Zizi, an out-of-town student noted, "The weather in Surabaya is always hot, not just during the day, but all day and night. Even when there is wind, it is still hot and stuffy, we always need a fan. This is different from Banyuwangi, where the heat is only felt during the day, but nights can be cold."
This statement reflects the general perception of worsening weather conditions in urban areas. Surabaya's unique geographical location also plays an important role in its weather patterns. Unlike Banyuwangi, which enjoys cool breezes from the nearby mountains, Surabaya's proximity to the coast does not provide the same relief. "I think that's what makes Surabaya hotter than other areas - there's no air from the mountains to reduce the heat," adds Zizi.
The correlation between Climate Change and Urban Heat
One of the main factors fueling this heat is the 'urban heat island' (UHI) phenomenon, where densely built environments trap heat, raising temperatures compared to surrounding rural areas. Surabaya, as a busy metropolis with dense urban development and limited green space, is a clear example of this effect. The more buildings, concrete and asphalt replace the natural landscape, the more heat is trapped in the city, exacerbating the already existing global temperature rise.
In addition to the UHI effect, the rapid increase in the number of motorized vehicles also contributes significantly to air pollution in Surabaya. Zizi explains, "Surabaya residents use a lot of motorcycles and cars, which increases pollution and ultimately affects the temperature and weather in the city." The increase in greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles not only impacts local air quality but also contributes to an increase in global carbon dioxide levels, which is a major driver of climate change.
Impact on Health and Life
For residents, the consequences of Surabaya's extreme weather go beyond mere inconvenience. Prolonged exposure to high temperatures increases the risk of heat-related illnesses, such as heatstroke and dehydration. Vulnerable populations, including the elderly and children, are particularly at risk. The lack of green spaces and shade in densely populated areas further exacerbates the problem, making it difficult for residents to find places to shelter from the heat.
In addition, the city's infrastructure is struggling to keep up with the demand generated by rising temperatures. Air-conditioning use surged in response, which put a huge strain on the power grid. Meanwhile, residents who cannot afford air-conditioning have to contend with the heat with less effective solutions, such as fans, which also consume energy.
Solutions and Mitigation Efforts
