2.DEATH CEREMONY
Death has always been to many a forbidden topic of discussion. However, in the American Community, death is very much an important aspect of culture. It has been stated that death traditions, customs, procedures, mourning practices, burial rites and even the structure of American cemeteries differ greatly from that of non Americans. It has been stated among the black community that death is not a time of sadness but a time to rejoice for the deceased no longer has to endure the trials and tribulations of this earthly world. The deceased are indeed mourned and missed, however, death is also a time of celebration.
These American traditions have been passed down from the oldest living members of the community, in the form of expressions, sayings, superstitions, religious beliefs and practices and music. Many of the stories and superstitions relating to death and burials are still believed today, especially in the Southern United States.
Death to Americans is not an event which just occurs, is "handled" and then forgotten about. When one dies, there is a series of events which usually take place. After the approach of death family members are often notified right away, not just the immediate family members, but every relative and friend of the deceased. Old beliefs and superstitions are remembered and acted upon. An old belief is that the dead cannot be buried on a rainy day. The sun is-a sign that the heavens are open and welcoming for the deceased one. If it rains while a man is dying, or if lighting strikes near his house, the devil has come for the soul. Thus, the family members often attempt to bury the dead on a sunny day.
There is usually a five to seven day mourning period before the actual funeral. Before the funeral takes place there is generally a ceremony known as a wake. At this time, close friends of the family of the deceased pay respects to the family and view the body. Many wakes take place at the funeral parlor, but have been known to take place at the church or the home of the deceased. This is a time when everyone gathers and eats food cooked by the family members, and shares memories of the deceased. Two viewing days may be arranged for the wake. After this time period there is the funeral which consists of a funeral procession. The horse leads cars of the deceased family members follows. The immediate family members follow directly behind the horse. All of the cars following in the procession place purple flags upon their antennas and drive with the car head lights on to identify themselves as members of the funeral procession. Once reaching the cemetery many traditions (or superstitions) are followed concerning the actual burial of the dead. It is believed that it is important that the dead be buried feet facing east; to allow rising at Judgment Day. Otherwise the person remains in the cross ways of the world.
Coins are placed on the eyes of the dead to keep them closed. However, coins were also sometimes placed in the hands as the deceased person's contribution to the community of the ancestors-or perhaps, as a token for admittance to the spirit world. For the same purpose coins are also placed on or around the grave site. It is believed that one should always cover the body and one should never place it directly in the ground. All of these traditions may not be practiced by every American family but many of them were and still are believed to this day.
3.EDUCATION
In essence, the American Contemporary already used formal education. They believe that the family is instrumental in providing the fundamentals of learning. It is within the family that the elements of language are first learned. Concepts of proportion, capacity and relations are formed and developed through normal play and a whole range of physical and motor skills are practiced to perfection.
They can deny the importance of home education and early childhood learning. Indeed, current research is adamant in claiming its central influence on the success of future learning. But vibrant societies have also recognized the place of a more structured, public system. In today's world, few people would question the need for a formal education system that is accessible for everyone.
Formal education is central to the development of a nation. It is only through the implementation of a formal system of learning that any country can hope to develop a knowledgeable society and progress towards the achievement of societal goals. This conviction took a hold in Europe, Britain and in the United States during the 19th century and it was during this period that the basic tenets of a formal learning system were established and developed. Social problems threatened to destroy the very fabric of society and education was seen as a powerful solution.
Governments became heavily involved in efforts to formalize a system that would not only equip citizens with basic functional skills, but it would also train them to become responsible and capable members of society. American thinking was unique in that it considered the best approach was to place responsibility for formal education in the hands of individual states and school districts.
Once the United States had recognized the need for education for all, the actual organization and implementation of a system was rapid and consistent. Perhaps more than other industrialized countries, America saw education as the great solution to social evils like poverty and crime and even at an elementary school level the idea of responsible citizenship and love of country were instilled from the start. This has been the hallmark of American education ever since and continues to be so today.
Americans were also convinced that education was essential to the prosperity and survival of the new nation. No doubt, this is the reason that American citizens were provided with more years of schooling over a greater percentage of the population than was the case in almost any other country. This conviction has continued to present times. Recent statistics show that some 86% of Americans graduate from high school and approximately 30% hold university degrees. This is an admirable reflection of American societal values and is certainly one of the reasons that the United States continues to hold its prestigious position as a world leader.
One of the most remarkable aspects of North American public education system is its propensity for continued improvement and availability. For three generations parents have taken the steps necessary to ensure that their children will be even better educated than they are themselves. Governments shared in this goal by first of all making formal education free of charge to all citizens and then by making it compulsory. These actions were affirmative and decisive. The comprehensive system we enjoy today results directly from the foresight and determination of the nation builders who came before.
4.MOI TRIBE
1.WEDDING CEREMONY
Moi Tribes do kinship through marriage. In kinship, marriage system in Moi Tribe basically formed based on the Omaha system. Omaha is the prohibition of marriage after a descent. But that happens in the Moi Tribe this theory does not apply because the prohibition of marriage based cousin maternally or multilateral not apply in tribal Moi. That occurred in the Moi Tribe is a blend of marital classification based on kinship and marriage based on maternal lineages (multilateral cross-cousin marriage).
This married system, according to McKinley, offering reconciliation in the event of a shift in society between those who would preserve the old kinship that at the same time there are groups trying to form a new kinship group. So, the marriage system in Moi is flexible and not fully embracing multilateral cross-cousin marriage and relations asymmetrical marriage.Three steps in the marriage Moi Tribe, they are:
1.Application along with bond (Kamfabe).
2. Implementation weddings (Simin).
3. Submission dowryincrement (Kamsakwo) and the second (Libla Salek).
Steps in the marriage process is intended as a form of appreciation for the value of the sanctity of marriage and kinship forms between the two families and also avoid adultery. Of dowry and dowry determination (Pastor E. Osok, 1971) in a series of discussions with the heads of customs and traditional leaders called "Yolom Yefai" establish some agreement results from 1948 to 1971. Kinds of dowry goods are fabric Timor (Timor Fabric and Teba Fabric, Dela Fabric, Timor Fabric large or small) and the mixed items such as chintz, old plates, gongs (canned kla), old machete (sinwak), beads (liblatuk). regarding the amount of its kind in specify by parties women and in snotty by a party man. It is most closely related to the religion professed by Moi Tribe stated in the holy book of Christianity and Islam that the existence of dowry cannot be denied.
·Procedures and Implementation Of Customary Marriage
When it was time a boy is seen quite ready to get married, then their parents would find a girl to be his wife for his son to be his wife. They held the event an application with the girl's parents went to the house and convey meaning to figurative of speech such as : "I want to take the kids a banana in front of this house, for I planted in my yard”.
When the girl's parents are willing to understand the point and then the next day the girl's parents will be visiting the homes of elderly men to take the first bond in the form of an old plate, then the plate was given to his daughter that the girl understood that she would soon marry and plate this as a sign of the men.
The second time her parents come home again to the parents of men to take a second proof of bonding fabric east and also to determine the time of marriage. These items are called goods bonding or "kamfawe".
Preparation starts with the bride in bathing girls who will be married as he was given advice by Moi tribal mothers and mothers witnessed by others. In this event the girls sometimes do not agree with the choice of their parents, but with a little persuasion and coercion to convince his daughter's heart, to accept the marriage.
After the girls bathed and then adorned with clothing, Fabric Timor, gloves, bracelets, manic-beads, ear jewelry, as well as the crown while singing folk songs which tells the origin of both families. If the bride was ready furnished, then the women will come to the man's family to convey the amount of dowry to be delivered by the man's family to the woman's family. In the event delivery of the dowry amount, the family man has delivered entertainment in the form of betel nut, lime and tobacco as a form of appreciation and respect for the woman's family.
Event select and sort the dowry if deemed not suitable, both in number and expected conditions, women have not been able to take the family and have not been able to bring back the dowry. Where are compliant, then the dowry lot expected to be approved by the women, the new next stage can be resumed.
After demand dowry from the girl's dowry is met then taken home by family representatives of women and in the contents of the bag to take to the family camshaft women. At home, a plate filled with water that has been prepared sprinkled on the back of the bride as a sign of their four families ready to take him to where the man was waiting for her future husband. Brother of the bride and groom holding in the shoulders while bringing water to make Papeda, song is accompanied by relatives who drove him.
Arriving at the house of the groom, the bride on a mat in the seat the pending release of the grooms in the room. After their grooms out in the seat the face then delivered papeda called "Weli sik nin" and two bamboo spoons (gata-gata). Inclusion of tobacco was scarce and expensive when it became known as the cigarette (Sebak) which is a means of payment and is also used in the process of traditional marriage than Papeda. Papeda eaten alternately with feed each smoking a cigarette or 4 times as much as four times the alternating sign of legitimate marriage. After the bride was handed Papeda or cigarettes to the witnesses of the women and men who then proceed to eat with the family that has been prepared by the women.
If the wedding ceremony is completed then the man is still giving gifts to the mother of the woman with the basin fill them with cloth or other goods because it has been cooked and brought food. The last event of this party is to rub the body called kam sigik and yuwun yegesik. After the woman's family went home.
By running the religious marriage for religious believers at this time, as well as the enactment of regulations on marriage law does not mean forgetting the beauty and wisdom of the indigenous culture of this tribe is the value of history and culture that is very high in value.
Difficulty got the original dowry as high timor cloth and other items such as cost of dowry with a size able amount.
2.DEATH CEREMONY
The long year ago, when they still adhered to animism beliefs, they do not know the funeral or burial. They do the embalming of the dead and then brought the bodies to the deepest forest and the remains were laid on the altar. After that they leave their homes and move to another location to avoid the smell of the corpse. If the deceased had married the couple who left could not marry again until the remains were destroyed.
