By Lamis Ahmad Esmat - Student at Muhammadiyah Malang University.
Background
Learning theory provides the basic principles for understanding the mechanisms and ways in which people learn, based on philosophical principles or field and laboratory experiences. When comparing these theories, it is clear that each may suit a particular didactic situation, or a particular type of learner, or the available learning environment. The goal is ultimately to try to integrate all or some of these theories during lesson planning and during class activities to serve student learning. The 21st century educational paradigm has undergone a shift marked by differences in learning orientation (Priyanti, 2013). The paradigm shift from behaviorism to constructivism with a constructivist approach is quickly popular and is considered a context of paradigmatic transformation or innovation (Erdal, et al., 2021). Therefore, it is necessary to identify constructivist theory, which is said about constructivism theory: - Constructivism learning models are able make students active in constructing knowledge in learning activities (Suparno, 1997). Constructivism philosophy, which focuses on an inquiry approach, teachers are expected to prepare, deliver and adapt assessment tools that use methods and techniques that are guided by the theoretical assumptions of constructivism (Chan, 2020). Meanwhile, constructivist epistemology assumes that students build their own knowledge based on interactions with their environment (Sugrah, 2019).
As for cognitive theory, there must be supporters of this theory, the knowledge dimension (cognitive) in education is a source of stimulus that can motivate oneself to be able to have behavioral readiness/attitude on the affective dimension so that it can then encourage positive environmental psychomotor dimensions in accordance with 602 Biology , Science, Environment, and Learning _ expected learning outcomes (Mead, 1972; Ajzen, 2001; Karyanto, 2011). Cognitive learning is a change in how to process information as a result of experience or practice (Syarifuddin, 2011). From the above understanding, it can be understood that cognition is a term used by psychologists to describe all mental activities related to perception, thought, memory, and processing of information that allows a person to acquire knowledge (Dasmita, 2011). Â According to Puspo Nugroho (2015), the definition of "Cognitive" comes from the word "Cognition" which has similarities with "knowing" which means to know. In a broad sense, cognition is the acquisition, arrangement, and use of knowledge. A person's behavior according to cognitive psychology theory, is not solely influenced by "reward" and "reinforcement".
David Asby and Flora Roebuck say Humanistic Theory created the largest field of study ever in 42 states and 7 countries. From the 1970s to the 1980s, funded by the National Institute for the Study of Mental Health in 12 year olds focused on factors that motivate creativity and achievement as well as improve students' thinking and interaction and factors that reduce violence among students and ultimately satisfaction with the educational process of teachers and students, the results of this study confirm Carl Roger's theory, which states that teachers are emotional and that value and value students and they are also an example of honesty in the class. However, the Behavioristic School Behavioristic Theory contributes to building a new learning concept that focuses on behavioristic learners and the conditions under which learning takes place, as a link in the chain of educational concepts changing in one of the stages of its development from stimulation to reinforced behaviorism.
DISCUSSION
- Definition and Explanation of Cognitive TheoryÂ
The term Cognitive comes from the word cognition, which means knowing or knowing, which in a broad sense means acquiring, structuring, and using knowledge (Setiono, 2019).Â
Cognitive learning theory concepts What is the basis on which cognitive learning theory is based:
Cognitive learning theory and its offshoots are a kind of opposite direction to behavioral learning theory, because cognitive theory relies on being attuned to the questions of rational philosophers and the ideas and theories it generates, and agreeing on its rules in terms of theory. -the learning theory of constructivist beliefs, because it gives importance to what works within them. The human mind consists of thinking, remembering, meditating, and explaining phenomena. This theory aspires to construct what is based on planning, thinking, forecasting and decision making; That is, it does not follow a behaviorist approach, because a person responds to the stimuli around him to take action, but depends more on everything that happens within the individual from cognitive mechanisms that can be developed through education. The concept of cognitive learning theory is based on the collection, organization, and use of cognitive information and scientific experience that a person can acquire through education, and therefore that information and experience becomes part of the stock of knowledge on which he or she relies in solving problems and dealing with them. with the information, objects and people around him, and thus he benefits to a certain degree. The first is the memory's ability to store information through a special strategy with which the memory works, and use it appropriately; It takes in as much information or expertise as it wants when it needs it. Moh. Sholeh (2014) explains that a person's behavior is based on cognition, meaning the act of knowing and thinking about the situation in which the behavior occurs. In a learning situation, a person is directly involved in the situation and gains "insight" for problem solving.
