Concepts, Principles and Theories of Learning

because mistakes are opportunities and situations, by overcoming them, the knowledge that we think is true is built. Understanding is a necessary condition for learning. Learning is associated with experience, not indoctrination. Learn to go beyond and deny distractions. The social constructivists call for authentic real-world problem solving and involve students in the process of working out valid action plans and timeframes for projects (Mellis et al., 2013). The Constructivist Learning Step according to Koohang consists of nine steps, namely 1) Identifying objectives, 2) preparing learning product content, 3) identifying students' prior knowledge. 4) identification of student misconceptions, 5) planning and learning strategies embodied in teaching materials, 6) implementation of the learning program in the classroom stage consists of three steps namely orientation and presentation of learning experiences, exploring student ideas, restructuring ideas, 7) evaluation, 8) clarification and student analysis, and 9) revision of misconception strategies (Achzab et al., 2018). Constructivism is a dynamic process in which local changes in knowledge construction can lead to changes in overall understanding and in teaching and learning, the main task of the teacher in the constructivist approach is to guide students to construct new information through exploration activities (Ahmad et al., 2015). The constructivist approach is an excellent medium used in teaching to improve students' higher-order thinking skills. Learning is more meaningful if students construct their own knowledge and understanding. Reflections written in student journals in the constructivist class include 1) the topic of solutions is discussed thoroughly, 2) the strategies used, and 3) finding answers from the topics discussed. This proves that students' skills in understanding, analysis, and application in the experimental group are actually improved by using a constructivist approach in teaching chemistry concepts and principles (Solomo M., 2020).

- Definition and Explanation of Behavioristic 

Theory Behavioristic schools contribute to building a new learning concept that focuses on behavioristic learners and the conditions under which learning takes place, as a chain of educational concepts changing in one of the stages of its development from stimulation to reinforced behaviorism. He cannot achieve this reinforcement alone, and educational technology greatly assists him in creating this reinforcement and developing it educationally.

- Nature of Behavioristic theory and its concepts (procedural)

1. Behavioristic Boerhaus Friedrich Skinner defines it as a series of responses resulting from stimuli in the immediate external environment. It is supported and strengthened so that its future appearance is strengthened, or it does not receive support and is less likely to occur in the future. 

2. Stimulus and Response Behavioristic change is the result of and response to external stimulus. 

3. Reinforcement and Punishment: Through Edward Lee Thorndike's experience, it appears that receiving reinforcement and reward generally supports and stabilizes Behavioristic behavior, while punishment reduces response, and thus from reinforcement and fixation of behavior. 

4. Learning: This is a process of semi-permanent change in behavioristic individuals. 

- The principles of behavioristic theory (procedural):

 Among the learner's experience and changes in his responses: 

1. Learning is linked to outcomes.