Era Industrial Revolution 3.0 (IR3.0) was featured with large-scale replacement of systems and devices to realize automation in the production process of manufacturing. Whereas in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR4.0) era, according to McKinsey reports and studies, it is estimated to require 40-50% replacement of new systems and devices, while others are considered to have been connected or at least have access to the digital realm. In IR4.0, the industry can make partial replacements, followed by putting more efforts in interconnecting and integrating of the: human, process, technology and data (MPTD).
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