Higher-order thinking Skills (HOTS) refer to the cognitive processes in which students engage at a higher cognitive level, developed through various cognitive concepts and learning taxonomies such as problem-solving methods, Bloom’s taxonomy, and the taxonomy of learning, teaching, and assessment. HOTS encompass problem-solving abilities, creative thinking, critical thinking, reasoning skills, and decision-making skills. According to King, HOTS include critical, logical, reflective, metacognitive, and creative thinking. Meanwhile, Newman and Wehlage state that students who develop HOTS can clearly distinguish ideas, construct well-founded arguments, solve problems effectively, generate explanations, hypothesize, and interpret complex issues more clearly. Furthermore, according to Vui, HOTS occur when individuals connect new information with existing knowledge stored in their memory, reorganize and develop it, and apply it to achieve a goal or solve a complex problem.
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