Dampak & pergaruh kebudayaan Hindu Buddha terhadap Seni Bangunan di Indonesia

Indonesia has been affected by many other cultures and with acculturation, these cultures have affected Indonesia in many ways like values, beliefs, and behavior. It can also change the way that art, music, dance, food, and architecture will be made. One culture that has had a great effect on Indonesia is the Hindu Buddha religion which still has an ever-lasting impact on Indonesia's culture to this day. Hindu Buddha religion has played a significant role in many sectors of culture. Of these sectors, a lot of inspiration and ideas from the Hindu Buddha Culture are in the architecture sector. 

So, How did Hindu-budda culture affect Indonesia's architecture? 

Indonesia started its Hindu-Buddha period around 1 AD and lasted around the 16th century, in that time the Hindu-Budda culture flourished. Almost everyone in Indonesia between 1 AD and the 16th century believed in Hindu-Buddist teachings, culture, and Gods. This left behind a profound impact on the way that Indonesia's architecture is built. 

It can be seen in the proof of all the different types of architecture built in that era. Examples are temples, statues, monuments, and palaces that have been made with a lot of attention to detail that still stand to this day. These buildings usually contain a lot of stone engravings that focus a lot on symmetry and balance. These temples or palaces can contain lots of shrines and statues that have complex stone engravings patterns on them. The buildings were made to be striking and imposing due to the buildings having elaborate roofs and towers that gave the temples a unique look that only the Hindu-Buddha culture had. 

A famous example of a Hindu Buddha temple is Candi Borobudur it is the world's biggest  Hindu-Buddhist temple. The temple resides in central Java and was built around the 9th century by the Syailendra dynasty. This temple is one of the biggest testaments that Hindu buddha culture influenced Indonesia. The temple contains designs from India that are mixed in with the Indonesian building's style of terraced architecture. The temple has about 2672 relief panels and 504 buddha statues that are placed all over the temple. The relief panels contain the life of buddha and it has been stated that Candi Borobudur has the most complete buddha relief panels. Usually, these temples are used for worship, prayers, and graves for kings. 

Another famous example of a Hindu buddha temple is Candi Prambanan (also known as Loro Jonggrang). It was a temple that was built dating back to the 8th century in the heydays days of Sailendra's powerful dynasty in Java. The Temple is located on the border between Yogyakarta and Central Java islands.  There are about 224 temples that make up Candi Prambanan with 4 terraces the 1st terrace contains the smallest temples that contain 68 temples, the 2nd terrace has 60 temples, the 3rd terrace has 52 temples, and the 4th highest terrace contains 44 temples.  These temples were made to praise the Hindu god Shiva because the original name of the temple was Sanskrit means Shiva's House but the temples also praise  Trimurti, namely Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. The temple mainly preferred Shiva.

It can also see the other types of architecture that have been influenced by Hindu Buddha are palaces some examples are Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon that is a palace that was constructed in the 16th century and is located in Cirebon, West Java by Sultan Sepuh XIV. That has Hindu buddha influenced the design of the palaces which can be seen in one of the entrances that have a temple-inspired construction. 

Taman Sari Water Castle is another good example of a Hindu buddha influenced palace that has a gate filled with stone carvings and roofs with cravings of patterns and faces of gods or deities.  The palace is located in Yogyakarta and was built in the 18th century by Sultan Hamengkubuwono I. 

The influence of Hindu buddha architecture still has a big influence on traditional Indonesian houses mainly in Bali where Hinduism and Buddhism is the main religion that they believe in. It can be seen cravings on the doors, walls, windows, and other decor elements of the house. The cravings usually depict Hindu buddha deities in Balinese folklore. Parts of the house have stone cravings and patterns that resemble temples. 

In conclusion, it can be seen that Hindu buddha culture has quite significant. Statues, relief panels, and stone cravings can be seen everywhere on temples, palaces, traditional houses, and shrines all over Indonesia. This shows that Hindu buddha culture was a massive influence on Indonesian architecture until this day. It has helped Indonesia to build a unique and interesting architecture that has contributed to and enriched Indonesia's multiple cultural heritage. 

From this article, I can learn to reflect on things when making this article. From what I have learned is that most things from the past in history will affect the present because from what we can see that even though Hindu-Buddha culture started to end around the 16th century to give rise to the Islam era of Indonesia. Hindu- Buddha culture still stands strong until this day, it can be seen in many parts of Indonesia specifically Bali that Hindu-Buddha culture has had a profound impact on Indonesian culture including on their architecture. As a believer in God, I can also reflect that God has let history happen because he wanted to so we humans his creations can learn from the past to see what worked and didn't work. So in the present, we can follow what worked for humanity and the past and build on and avoid the mistakes of the past to become better.