Philosophy XI

Over time the phenomena of civilization, culture, and social reality will undergo many changes. Moreover, seen from the view point of islamic teaching, change is the sunatulllah that will inevitably occur and cannot be avoided anymore. Islamic thoughts, especially kalam with western civilization gave birth to reformers who would address these problems.

In 1862 when Muhammad Abduh was 14 years old he was sent to Tanta to study religion, two years later he felt that he didn't understand anything because there used to memorize methods. This methods of memorising is very boring for a teenager then he returns to his hometown. In 1865when he was 16 years old. After only forty days of marriage, he was forced to study again at Tanta. He left but not to Tanta.

He hid on the place of his uncle, namely Seikh Darwis Khard. He knew about his reluctance to study, so he always persuaded him to read books together. After that abduh changed so he then went to Tanta. Muhammad Abduh argues that the way used to know  God is not only through revelation but with reason too. With the power of reason that is in humans, humans try to know about the existence of God. The knowledge that has been obtained by reason is then strengthened by the revelation to humanity through the intermediaries of Alla's messengers, the prophet's and apostles.

Hiss full name is Muhammad Iqbal Muhammad Nur Muhammad Rafiq. Born in 1877 AD, on siyalkut in the province of Punjab, India. In Iqbal's view, islam teaches dynamics in which there is dynamic dynamics. Next Iqbal emphasized that the islamic concept of nature is dynamic and is constantly evolving. That dynamic motion becomes the central point of change in the middle of the universe. Strictly speaking, Iqbal said that the essence of life is motion, the law of life is creating.