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Berdasarkan dengan surat keputusan pemerintah No 37 tahun 1957 pada tahun 1957, Program Studi Ekonomi di Universitas Padjadjaran berdiri pada 18 september tahun 1957 dibawah naungan Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Padjadjaran. Pada tahun 1981, dengan berkembangnya sistem pendidikan di Indonesia terdapat perubahan penamaan dari jurusan Program Studi Ekonomi menjadi Program Ekonomi Studi Pembangunan yang didasarkan kepada surat keputusan pemerintah No 27 tahun 1981 tentang peraturan mengenai program studi di tingkat fakultas, yang juga di dukung oleh surat keputusan menteri pendidikan dan kebudayaan No: 0133/U/1994 tentang kurikulum nasional. Himpunan Mahasiswa Ekonomi Studi Pembangunan (HIMA ESP FEB Unpad) sendiri berdiri didasarkan kepada kebutuhan mahasiswa akan wadah bagi mahasiswa di jurusan Ekonomi Studi Pembangunan untuk mengembangkan pola pikir, kepribadian serta penerapan yang berkaitan dengan ilmu yang dipelajari agar dapat diterapkan langsung ke masyarakat yang didasarkan prinsip dari, oleh dan untuk mahasiswa. HIMA ESP FEB Unpad sendiri memiliki sistem kerja yang didasarkan oleh rasa kekeluargaan dan juga profesional yang dijalankan secara beriringan agar tujuan serta visi dan misi dari HIMA ESP FEB Unpad tersebut dapat tercapai.

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Unwrapping the Depth of the Underground Economy Around the World

30 Juni 2023   18:51 Diperbarui: 18 September 2023   16:03 139
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Finansial. Sumber ilustrasi: PEXELS/Stevepb

by Sultan Muhammad Raditya Sadek

UNDERGROUND ECONOMY

The underground economy is a complex system of transactions that take place outside of official channels, where goods and services are traded for cash without being reported to the government or other regulatory bodies. This shadow economy includes unreported income, barter, and unauthorised activities, such as tax evasion, money laundering, and smuggling. The underground economy operates on a large scale and has significant consequences for economic growth, social equity, and political stability. This article provides an overview of the underground economy, its causes and consequences, and the challenges associated with measuring its size and regulating its activities. It also discusses the policy implications of the underground economy and the need for innovative solutions to address its negative effects. 

The underground economy involves the exchange of goods and services that are hidden from official view and not reported to the government, making them beyond the reach of tax collectors and regulators. The underground economy can be divided into two broad categories: the unreported production and trade of legal goods and services, and the production of illegal goods and services. Examples of legal activities in the underground economy include unreported income from self-employment or barter, while illegal activities include drug dealing, trade in stolen goods, smuggling, illegal gambling, and fraud. Other examples of underground economic activity include the untaxed sale of physical goods and the smuggling of goods into a country to avoid paying duties at the border. The size of the underground economy is difficult to accurately gauge because it is not subject to governmental oversight and does not generate tax returns or appear in official statistical reports. The underground economy is also known as the shadow economy, the black market, and the informal economy. 

EFFECTS

The underground economy can have such significant effects on the formal economy, such as :

1.  Revenue losses for the government : The presence of a large underground economy is a source of considerable revenue losses for the government and can significantly affect public finances.

2. Reduced tax revenues : Transactions in the underground economy directly reduce federal, state, and local tax revenues. The government cannot collect income tax, sales tax, or excise duty because the markets are not regulated.

3.   Distorted economic measurements : Because transactions made in the underground economy go unreported, the distort the accuracy of key economic measurements, such as a nation's gross domestic product (GDP).

4. Unfair competition: The underground economy can create unfair competition for legitimate business that are subject to regulations and taxes.

Overall, the underground economy can have negative effects on the formal economy, including reduced tax revenues (we would get into this later), distorted economic measurements, unfair competition, reduced consumer protection, and increased crime rates.

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