Literature methods
This method used is a review literature or literature review. Library research or literature review is research that examines or critically reviews knowledge, ideas, or findings contained in a body of academically oriented literature (academic-oriented literature), as well as formulating theoretical contributions and methodology for a particular topic. As for the nature of the research. This is descriptive analysis, namely the regular breakdown of existing data obtained, then given understanding and explanation so that it can be understood well by readers.
The steps taken in this literature review research adapt the procedure proposed which consists of 1) choosing a study topic, 2) searching for and selecting the right sources and relevant, 3) analyzing and synthesizing the study results, and 4) present analysis results. For the data analysis process, researchers used steps suggested namely data reduction, verification and withdrawal conclusion. At the data reduction stage, the researcher selects or sorts data collected from books and journals, which may be relevant to research purposes. At the data presentation stage, the researcher presents the data in form narrative adapted to the research sub-focus. Finally, at the withdrawal stage conclusion, the researcher interprets the data then compares the results obtained with theory and relevant previous research results. (Adisel, & Suryati, 2022)
Literature Review
History of Progressivism
The birth of progressivism was motivated by dissatisfaction with the implementation of education which was very traditional, tended to be authoritarian and students were only used as learning objects. This flow is rooted in the spirit of social reform at the beginning of the 20th century, namely the American political reform movement. The progressive flow of American education refers to educational reform in western Europe. Another opinion states that the flow of progressivism historically emerged in the 19th century, but its rapid development was only seen at the beginning of the 20th century, especially in the United States. Although these two opinions have slightly different views, they can be drawn The common thread is that the rapid development of this flow of progressivism occurred in the 20th century. Historically, the emergence of the flow of progressivism was greatly influenced by the figures of the philosophy of pragmatism as mentioned above, such as Charles S. Peirce, William James and John Dewey, as well as the experimentalist school of Francis Bacom. Apart from that, John Locke is a figure in the philosophy of political freedom and J.J. Rousseu with the Philosophy of Progressivism. Tri Utomo, I., & Ifadah, L. (2020).
Progressivism Learning Philosophy in the Independent Curriculum
The "Merdeka Belajar" concept introduced by Education Minister Nadiem Makarim emphasizes flexible, experience-based learning, aiming to create a more enjoyable learning environment focused on developing students' character. This policy replaces the National Examination with the Minimum Competency Assessment and Character Survey conducted in grades 4, 8, and 11, and delegates the National Standard School Examination to schools for more diverse assessments. Simplification of the Lesson Plan to one page and the expansion of the zoning system in new student admissions are also implemented to provide more opportunities.
This concept aligns with John Dewey's philosophy of progressivism, which emphasizes the freedom to learn and direct experience as the best methods of education. Dewey highlights the importance of teachers as facilitators and educational institutions as laboratories for change, where students can freely develop their potential. Progressive education focuses on character and social aspects and aims for education to keep pace with changing times. Thus, "Merdeka Belajar" is expected to bring positive changes to the Indonesian education system, creating an enjoyable learning environment and producing competent and virtuous students. (Adisel, & Suryati, 2022)
Implementing Progressivism in the Independent Curriculum for English Leraning
    Implementing progressivism within the Independent Curriculum for English education emphasizes flexible, experience-based learning, aligning with John Dewey's philosophy. This approach prioritizes student-centered learning, where learners actively participate in their education. In English education, this can be achieved by allowing students to choose topics of interest for projects and presentations, enhancing engagement and responsibility for their learning.
