Environmentally Friendly Farming Techniques
One of the main focuses in the literature on sustainable agriculture is the use of environmentally friendly techniques. Methods such as organic farming, agroforestry, and crop rotation have been proven to improve soil quality and reduce the use of synthetic chemicals that harm the environment. A study by Altieri (2018) highlights that these practices help preserve biodiversity and enhance ecosystem resilience.Â
On the other hand, research by FAO (2020) shows that while organic farming is more sustainable, it still faces challenges in terms of lower productivity compared to conventional methods.
Soil microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, play an essential role in maintaining plant health and increasing agricultural productivity. These microorganisms interact with the soil and plant roots to create a healthy and productive ecosystem. Here are some of the main roles of soil microbes in supporting plant growth and health:
Soil microbes, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., Rhizobium) and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, help increase nutrient availability for plants. They convert hard-to-absorb elements, such as nitrogen from the air and phosphate bound in the soil, into forms that can be used by plants. This is crucial in reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers, which often harm the environment.
Microbes as Plant Growth Promoters
Microorganisms like Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) stimulate plant growth by producing growth hormones such as auxin, accelerating root growth, and improving nutrient uptake. Additionally, they can produce enzymes or compounds that enhance soil health and accelerate organic matter decomposition.
Soil microbes can help plants cope with biotic stress (pest or pathogen attacks) by producing antibiotic compounds or directly competing with pathogens. For example, endophytic microbes or antagonistic bacteria like Bacillus and Pseudomonas can protect roots from root diseases. Furthermore, some microbes trigger plant defense responses against pests and pathogens.
Enhancing Plant Resistance to Environmental Stress
Microbes like Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, helping plants overcome environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, and nutrient deficiencies. These microbes extend the root network, enabling plants to absorb more water and nutrients from the soil.
