The Salajikah dynasty (Seljuk) originated from a small tribe of Turkish descent namely the Auruq tribe along with other tribes forming a family called Ghuzz (Ogush) in Turkistan and immigrated west under the Seljuk ibn Dukak, they occupied the mountains near the Khawarisan sea and subsequently settled in Transoxiana. In Transokiana they pioneered a life-friendly arrangement with the Samaniyah dynasty and together fought the Turks and Kafirs when the Samaniyah dynasty collapsed in (384 H) Sultan Mahmud al-Ghaznawi allowed the Seljuqs to cross to Khurasan. In (429 AH) the leader of the Salajikah, Tughril Beg succeeded in entering Nisapur and occupying the throne of the Ghaznavid dynasty by using the sultan's title. After conquering the whole Khurasan Tughril Beg region proclaimed the establishment of the Seljuq dynasty and it turned out that the effort was recognized by the Caliph al-Qaim bin Amrullah in Baghdad and almost all areas of Iraq were controlled by Tughril Beg.
The main target of aggression launched by Tughril Beg was the city of Baghdad which was practically controlled by general Arselan Bassaseri of the Buwaihi dynasty, where Tughril Beg took advantage of the chaotic atmosphere that occurred in the Buwaihi dynasty with the strength of the Tughril Beg army to successfully occupy Baghdad and liberate Caliph al-Qa'im and as an award, the caliph crowned him ruler of Baghdad with the title Rukn ad-Daulah Yamin Amir al-Mukminin. This dynasty was formed in (429 H / 1038 AD) and lasted until the year (582 H / 1194 AD). Regarding the formation, there are two versions;
First, when the Turkish king named Baighu wanted to control the Islamic kingdom, Dukak opposed it and finally he separated from his followers and formed a community separate from the kingdom.
Second, since Ibn Dukak broke away from the kingdom with his followers and entered the Islamic area by establishing settlements near the Jand area at the mouth of the river Jaihun.
Sunni-style Seljuq succeeded in entering Baghdad in 1055 AD, and replaced the Shi'ite Buwaihiyah who had earlier controlled the eastern Abbasid territories. In the expansion to the West, the snow must face the Byzantine empire and this was one of the causes of the crusade.
The Seljuq period is a period of special significance on the historical stage, because the Seljuq sultans became protectors of belief and played a major role in the battles against the crusaders. They are also very famous for their protection of Islamic culture.
The growth of the Seljuqs, the disputes and weaknesses which were characteristic of the last ruling government, of the Abbasids seemed to signal the Seljuqs to carry out missionary activities to establish power in Iraq and the Persians led to the establishment of the Seljuk government in Baghdad.
Islamic Progress during the Seljuq Dynasty
Since the founding of the Seljuq dynasty under the rule of Tughril Beg to Malik Syah, there was indeed progress and the golden peak of the Salajikah dynasty. The progress that has been achieved include:
+.Political sector.
Progress in politics can be seen in the controlled political stability in the country. In addition, there was also an expansion into several Byzantine imperial regions which could be ravaged by Alp Arsalan in 1871 AD so that it opened up opportunities for the Seljuqs to be able to rule over Asia Minor which in the previous time (the Arabs) always failed to master them. At that time, the Seljuq dynasty grew larger and expanded into the area of Nur Bukhara (now Nur Ata) and around Samarkand. That is because of its coalition with the Samaniyyah dynasty when there was political competition with the Khainiyyah dynasty, this alignment was carried out on the grounds that the Samaniyyah dynasty brought the same understanding (Sunni) and with the intention to acquire the area at the mouth of the Jaihan river as a settlement and make the city of Jand as the center of social-political activities they. After the death of Malik Syah, the Seljuq dynasty experienced divisions and drastic setbacks. This opened up opportunities for other dynasties such as Khawarijan Shaki's who was originally a Seljuk governor and finally gave the Mongol army an opportunity to invade and eventually the administration of the Seljuq dynasty was taken over by the Mongol governors and generals and the Seljuk officials and soldiers were disbanded, and this condition exacerbated by the tax burden that is too high for Turkish society, which in turn shows symptoms of poverty in social life.
Religious social and physical fields
The reputation of Malik Syah and the vizier Nizam al-Mulk turned out not only to successfully establish the power of the Salajikah dynasty as a great force in a large area. But both of them also succeeded in building the state and society, roads, bridges, irrigation, hospitals, trade, and industry. Progress in the physical field of religion as seen in the construction of religious facilities, such as the al-Jami mosque in Isfahan, the Mahmud Syahdi Garyaikan mosque, Burjian mosque, the Hindustan mosque was built in 1158, and many more mosques. This success is certainly inseparable from the factors of solid political and economic stability.
Science field