History is like the glasses of the past that are the footing and steps of every human being in the future. This also applies for us to not only understand science but also understand the history of Islamic culture in the past to analyze and take ibrah from every event that has ever happened. As we know after the fall of the leadership of the Khulafaurrasyidin period, the Islamic government system also changed at that time to the Daula, and in this paper, a little will be presented about the Abbasid Daula. The Abbasids succeeded in holding the power of the Caliphate for three centuries, re-consolidating the leadership of the Islamic style and enriching science and cultural development of the Middle East. But in 940 the power of the Caliphate waned when non-Arabs, especially the Turks (and later followed by Mamluks in Egypt in the mid-13th century), began to gain influence and began to separate themselves from the Caliphate.
Even so, the Caliphate remained as a symbol that united Muslims. During his reign, the Abbasia claimed that their dynasty could not be rivaled. But later, Said bin Husayn, a Shiite Muslim from the Fatimid dynasty claimed that he descended from his daughter Muhammad, claiming himself to be Caliph in 909, resulting in dual authority in the North African region. Initially only controlled Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. But then, began to expand its territory to Egypt and Palestine, before finally, the Bani Abbasids succeeded in recapturing the area that they had previously occupied, leaving only Egypt as the territory of the Bani Fatimiyyah. The Fatimid dynasty then collapsed in 1171. While the Umayyads could survive and continue to lead the Muslim community in Spain, then they reclaimed the title of Caliph in 929, until it was finally dropped again in 1031.
With the overthrow of the Umayyad daula, the Abbasiah Daula's existence gained enlightenment during the Islamic caliphate at that time, where the Abbasid Daula had previously organized and arranged forces so rapidly and planned. And in this paper, we will describe as little as possible the establishment of the Abbasid caliphate, the period of triumph and achievements that have been achieved and what causes the collapse of the Abbasid Daula.
1. Birth of Abbasid Daula
a. As-Saffah Government
The first abbasiah caliph was Abu Abbas, who was given the trust of his uncle Abdullah in the war against Marwan II, the last caliph of the Umayyads. Until the end of the Abbasid caliph gave confidence to Salih Bin Ali to kill Marwan, who was then sent to the Abbas's caliph.
Saffa was later moved to Anbar, he used most of his reign to divide the Arab leaders who helped Umayyah. He expelled them except Abdurrahman who shortly afterward established the Umayyad dynasty in Spain. Saffa also decided to kill the lives of some of the Umayyad servants. He killed Abu Salama, known as the minister (Wadi ') of the family of the Prophet Muhammad, just as he killed Abu Hubayra, one of the leaders of the Umayyads of the Marwan II era after giving him freedom. The Caliphate of Saffah lasted for 4 years and a month. He died in 136 AH in Anbar, a city that had become his seat of government.
b. Abbasid Caliphate System
The second Abbasid caliph took the title of Al-Mansur and laid the foundations of the Abbasid government. Under the Abbasids, the Caliphate developed as a political system. This dynasty emerged with the help of Persians who were bored with the Umayyads in social problems and discriminatory politics. The Abbasid caliphs who used the title "Imam" Muslim community leaders to emphasize the religious caliphate. The Abbasids imitated the Umayyad tradition in announcing more than one crown prince.
Mansur is considered the second founder of the Abbasid Dynasty. During his reign, Baghdad was built into the capital of the Abbasid Dynasty and was the center of trade and culture. Until Baghdad was considered as the most important city in the world at that time which was rich in science and art. Until a few decades later the Abbasid dynasty reached its heyday.
2. The glory of the Abbasid Daula
a. Translation movement.
Although the translation activities had begun since the Umayyad Daula, efforts to translate and translate the principles of foreign languages, especially Greek and Persian into Arabic experienced a golden period during the Abbasid Daula. The scientists went to the Byzantine region to search for manuscripts in various sciences, especially philosophy and medicine. Whereas the hunt for manuscripts in eastern regions such as Persia is mainly in the fields of state administration and literature.
b. Economic development.
The Abbasid empire economy was driven by trade. There are already various kinds of industries such as linen in Egypt, silk from Syria and Iraq, paper from Samarkand, and various agricultural products such as wheat from Egypt and dates from Iraq. These industrial and agricultural products are traded to various Abbasid and other countries.
c. In the field of Civilization.
The Abbasid period was the culmination of the peak of Islamic civilization. The Abbasid caliphs openly spearheaded the development of science by bringing in ancient manuscripts from various previous centers of civilization to be translated, adapted and applied in the Islamic world. Muslim scholars who are experts in various sciences, both religious and non-religious, also appeared at this time. The rapid development of civilization is also supported by the economic empire that connects the eastern and western worlds. The relatively good political stability, especially during the early Abbasids also triggered the progress of Islamic civilization