1. A Short History of Muhammad Abduh
Sheikh Muhammad Abduh, his full name is Muhammad bin Abduh bin Hasan Khairullah. He was born in the village of Mahallat Nashr in the Al-Buhairah district (Egypt) in 1849 AD He was not from a rich family and was not of royal blood. However, his father was known as a respectable person who likes to give help. In 1899, Abduh was appointed Mufti of Egypt. He held this high position until he died in 1905.
Thought of Kalam Muhammad Abduh:
a. Position of Reason and Function of Revelation
There are two main issues that are the main focus of Abduh's thoughts, as he himself admitted, namely: [8]
1) Freeing the mind from the shackles of taqlid which hinder the development of religious knowledge as the right of the Salaf Al-Ummah (scholars before the 3rd century Hijri), before the emergence of division; namely understanding directly from the main source, the Qur'an.
2) Improve Arabic style, both used in official conversations in government offices and in writings in the mass media.
b. Human freedom and fatalism
c. The atriboutes of God
d. God's Absolute Will
e.God's justice
2.Muhammad Iqbal was born in Sialkot in 1873. He came from a Brahmin caste family in Khasmir. His father named Nur Muhammad who was famously devout. His first teacher was his own father and then he was put into a school to study the Qur'an.In 1935, he fell ill and got worse after his wife died that same year, and he died on April 20, 1935.
Thought of kalam Muhammad Iqbal:
He divided the ijtihad qualifications into three levels, namely:
* Full authority in determining legislation which is practically limited to the founders of the schools.
* Relative authority that is only carried out within certain limits of one school.
* Special authorities relating to the determination of the law in certain cases not bound by the provisions of the founder of the school.
A.The Nature of Theology
B. God's proof
C. Human identity
D. Sin
E.Heaven and hell